The treatment of SARS-CoV2 with antivirals and mitigation of the cytokine storm syndrome: the role of gene expression

Abstract

In the absence of a vaccine, the treatment of SARS-CoV2 has focused on eliminating the virus with antivirals or mitigating the cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) that leads to the most common cause of death: respiratory failure. Herein we discuss the mechanisms of antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV2 and treatment strategies for the CSS. Antivirals that have shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV2 or the closely related SARS-CoV1 and MERS-CoV, are compared on the enzymatic level and by potency in cells. For treatment of the CSS we discuss medications that reduce the effects, or expression of cytokines involved in the CSS with an emphasis on those that reduce IL-6 because of its central role in the development of the CSS. We show that some of the medications covered influence the activity or expression of enzymes involved in epigenetic processes and specifically those that add or remove modifications to histones or DNA. Where available, the latest clinical data showing the efficacy of the medications is presented. With respect to their mechanisms, we explain why some medications are successful, why others have failed, and why some untested medications may yet prove useful.