The treatment of printing and packaging wastewater by electrocoagulation-flotation: the simultaneous efficacy of critical parameters and economics

Abstract

In this work, electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) following sedimentation was applied as a printing and packaging wastewater treatment using four Al electrodes with a parallel monopolar configuration. A sedimentation process was applied after the ECF as a post-treatment phase to remove large pollutants. The simultaneous efficacy of the operating parameters initial color content (1,843.44-12,156.56 ADMI), initial pH (3.56-10.44), current density (6.02-22.18 mA/cm 2), and treatment time (5.62-74.38 min) on color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were evaluated alongside processing costs. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) optimized these key parameters to achieve the highest removal efficiencies and lowest operating costs. Based on the results analyzed by RSM-CCD, using initial color content of 5,576.38 ADMI, initial pH of 7.29, the current density of 18.49 mA/cm 2 , and treatment time of 59.76 min as optimum operational conditions can result in 97.8% and 92.1% for color and COD removal efficiencies, respectively. At these optimum conditions, operating costs (OPCs), including electrodes material and energy consumption, were 0.07 US$/(kg color removed) and 0.4 US$/(kg COD removed). The results confirm ECF-sedimentation as a promising and costeffective tool for the treatment of printing and packaging wastewater.

Statistical analysis for water quality index for Shatt-Al-Hilla river in Babel city

“…(Alobaidy et al 2010). Drinking water in Iraq is secured from rivers, lakes, wells and springs, which are usually exposed to various pollutants that result from the diffusion from non-point and point sources (Hashim et al 2021a;Omran et al 2021), which are difficult to control, monitor, and evaluate, such as sewage (Hashim et al 2020a;Zanki et al 2020), agricultural and industrial effluents (Emamjomeh et al 2020a(Emamjomeh et al , 2020b. In addition, global warming plays a serious role in the freshwater shortage in Iraq (Zubaidi et al 2020a;Zubaidi Salah et al 2020), where the last studies revealed a significant shortage in precipitations (Salah et al 2020b(Salah et al , 2020c.…”

Water purification using an eco-friendly adsorbent

“…Biodegradation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, oxidation, and adsorption are some of the processes involved (Sivarajasekar & Baskar 2015;Sharma & Kaur 2018;Hashim et al 2021b). For example, the electrocoagulation method is currently in use for dye removal from solutions (Emamjomeh et al 2020;Abdulhadi et al 2021;Hashim et al 2021a). Hashim et al (2019) used an electrocoagulation cell to remove black reactive dyes from water under different experimental conditions and found the removal efficiency reached 96%.…”

Sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment techniques in urban areas of Iraq using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)

“…The theme of sustainability has gained considerable attention in recent years via environmental organizations and departments worldwide, particularly with regard to the issues of addressing the pollution of the basic elements of the environment (water, air, soil) and the sustainability required for treatment techniques (Furley et al 2018). For instance, water bodies are facing severe deterioration due to the discharge of wastewaters, which results in a remarkable increase in heavy metals (Abdulla et al 2020;Abdulraheem et al 2020), coloring agents (Abdulhadi et al 2019;Aqeel et al 2020), nutrients (Alenezi et al 2020;Al-Marri et al 2020;Khalid et al 2020aKhalid et al , 2020b, phenols (Emamjomeh et al 2020a(Emamjomeh et al , 2020b, geosmin (Ryecroft et al 2019), fluoride (Alhendal et al 2020), organic pollutants (Abdulhadi et al 2021;Alyafei et al 2020;Zanki et al 2020), viruses and bacteria (Hashim et al 2020a(Hashim et al , 2020bHashim et al 2021;Khalid et al 2020aKhalid et al , 2020b, turbidity (Alenazi et al 2020;Alnaimi et al 2020) and other pollutants (Emamjomeh et al 2020a(Emamjomeh et al , 2020bHashim et al 2020aHashim et al , 2020bKadhim et al 2020b;Mohammed et al 2020). Air quality is also deteriorating due to the increasing emissions from human activities (Grmasha et al 2020;Kadhim et al 2020a;Shubbar et al 2020aShubbar et al , 2020b, such as cement industries (Majdi et al 2020;…”