The Treatment of Lead Poisoning

Aub, Joseph C.; Fairhall, Lawrence T.; Minot, A S; Reznikoff, Paul

doi:10.1097/00005792-192504010-00019

Cited by 59 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…[14,[16][17][18] Though the mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated, elevated blood lead levels are associated with impaired haem synthesis [43][44][45] this is unlikely to be the explanation in this study as erythrocyte protoporphyrin activity was similar between Pb workers and controls. Additionally, we previously reported in our observations on the haemopoietic system in this cohort [42] that the haembiosynthetic pathway was uninhibited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…[54] It is worthy of note that high environmental heavy metal concentration including Pb and Cd leads to high PBb in the general population and gradual impairment of calcium metabolism [55] and induces anaemia. [16][17][18]42] These processes may insidiously develop in unexposed populations. Thus the high Pb level compared to currently acceptable level [42,56] may also be associated with subtle endocrinopathies in the general population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15] The cells lining the proximal tubules appear to be the tissue in the kidney most highly sensitive to Pb. [10] Anaemia is one of the most recognized clinical signs and symptoms of lead poisoning though the mechanism is multifactoral and the mechanism of which is not entirely clear, [16][17][18] surprisingly this ancient toxin (Pb) is often left out when endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bispherol F, benzophenone equilin, nonyphenol mixture etc and methods of their assays are discussed. [19,20] This is probably because lead has assumed a lower priority status in the developed countries [21] in contrast to the situation in most developing countries [22] where environmental lead is still a significant public health problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased total and ionized calcium levels and haematological indices in occupational lead exposure as evidence of the endocrine disruptive effect of lead

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Akingbola

Adeniyi

et al. 2005

Indian J Occup Environ Med

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The multisystem and prime environmental and occupational toxin, lead (Pb) is seldom included in the list of endocrine disruptors group like bisphenols A, B and F, nonylphenol, benzoquine, equiline etc. One hundred and thirty-seven subjects consisting of 86 lead workers and 51 unexposed individuals (as controls) participated in the study. Dietary intake including dairy products and micronutrients as assessed by 24-hour dietary recall was similar between lead workers and controls. Calcium homeostasis and haematological indices were evaluated in all subjects. Blood lead level was significantly higher in the lead workers than in controls (P<0.001). Total and ionized calcium levels were in contrast significantly decreased in lead workers compared with controls (P<0.01, P<0.001 respectively). Inorganic phosphate level though slightly raised compared to controls did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). The haematological indices, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and mean cell haemoglobin concentration like calcium levels were all significantly reduced (P<0.001) in all cases. Semi-quantitative assessment of erythrocyte protoporphyrin was trace (±) in both lead workers and controls (i.e. similar). Serum copper level was significantly higher in Pb workers than in controls (P<0.005). These decreases are consistent with a repression of the endocrine systems regulating both erythropoiesis and calcium homeostasis resident in the proximal convoluted tubule(PCT) of the kidney; the most vulnerable site to Pb damage. Our findings therefore, appear to provide evidence or a reminder that Pb satifies the conditions defining EDCs and should be recognized as one, especially in developing countries where high environmental Pb and malnutrition co-exist and may magnify this effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased total and ionized calcium levels and haematological indices in occupational lead exposure as evidence of the endocrine disruptive effect of lead

Anetor

Akingbola

Adeniyi

et al. 2005

Indian J Occup Environ Med

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“…Other reports dealt with occurrence and source of exposure to lead [37] ; clinical signs, including radiographic changes 1361 ; hematologic, urinary and serum chemistry findings [37, 401 ; cerebrospinal fluid analyses and electroencephalographic changes [37] ; levels of lead in blood, urine, liver, and hair [39]; and treatment [35, 361. Reports of lesions in dogs poisoned by lead are often vague and generally incomplete, being limited to gross lesions, to examination of only one or a few organs, or to a small number of dogs. Reports of gross lesions include edema of the brain [ 131 ; increased weight of kidney, liver, spleen and heart [8] ; gastric ulceration [2,18,291; loss of body weight [21]; reddening of or hemorrhage into intestines [5,11,311; excessively red bone marrow [l, 131; hard, thickened, brittle bones [13]; and 'lead' lines in long bones [7]. In addition, congestion of the brain was reported by many authors.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Pathologic Anatomy of Lead Poisoning in Dogs

Zook

1972

Vet Pathol

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Absrract. Thirty-two dogs diagnosed as having lead poisoning were studied postmortem. Enlarged, pale staining nuclei of renal proximal tubular cells and hepatocytes were present in all affected dogs and frequently contained acid-fast inclusions. Bone changes consisting of persistent, thick cartilaginous trabeculae rimmed with bone caused radiopaque bands in the metaphyses of eight immature dogs. Brain lesions were characterized by vascular damage. Distended arterioles and capillaries were lined with swollen or necrotic endothelium and were often surrounded by hemorrhage and edema. These changes were associated with laminar necrosis in the cerebral cortex. Proliferation of new capillaries and gliosis occurred in dogs with chronic encephalopathies. Other changes included hyperplasia of bone marrow, metarubricytes in blood vessels, necrosis of occasional striated muscle fibers, decreased numbers of sperm and ovarian follicles, and peripheral neuropathy.Accidental lead poisoning in man has been known for at least 2,000 years. It is probable that domesticated animals suffered similarly for as many years because man shared numerous sources of lead with his animals. Knowledge of the extent and serious nature of lead poisoning in man and especially in domesticated and wild animals has only recently been acquired and is largely incomplete. With more research and diffusion of information, we should more readily recognize, and perhaps one day forestall this age-old, but preventable, disease.This report of pathologic changes in 32 dogs with lead intoxication is the sixth in a series of reports from a study of 236 dogs accidentally poisoned with lead. Other reports dealt with occurrence and source of exposure to lead [37] [5,11, 311; excessively red bone marrow [l, 131; hard, thickened, brittle bones [13]; and 'lead' lines in long bones [7]. In addition, congestion of the brain was reported by many authors.Microscopic lesions were most often reported in the kidneys, liver, and brain. Nephrosis [l, 11, 13, 21-23, 311, nephritis [15, 20, 23, 261, and eosinophilic inclusion bodies in renal and sometimes hepatic nuclei [13,15,22, 311 were common. Hepatic lesions described consisted of foci or zones of degenerative changes or necrosis [ 1 1, 15, 21, 22, 31, 331. In addition, periportal fibroplasia occurred in several dogs [l, 311. Neural lesions reported were degenerative changes of Purkinje cells [I 1, 22, 311, small hemorrhages [ll, 19, 311, edema [22], gliosis [9,18,19, 221, swelling of capillary endothelia [ 15, 191, proliferation of capillaries [6, 191, perivascular Materials and MethodsThe necropsy files (1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969) of the Angel1 Memorial Animal Hospital were searched for case records of dogs in which the clinical diagnoses, hematologic data or lesions were consistent with lead intoxication. Final diagnoses of lead poisoning were established in 32 dogs by a combination of typical clinical and laboratory findings. Blood smears in all dogs examined (26) had excess ...

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“…Scholars have long been aware of the potential health threats from lead, and the toxicity of lead in public water began receiving attention from health experts in the late 19th century (Aub et al, 1926;Troesken, 2006). Lobbying and research sponsored by the Lead Industries Association kept lead in use in the Pittsburgh region until 1969, when Allegheny County banned the use of lead pipes (Holmberg, 2016;Rabin, 2008).…”

Section: Regulation Of Lead In Water Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%