The travel cost method and the economic value of leisure time

Douglas, Aaron J.; Johnson, Richard L.

doi:10.1002/jtr.500

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…working in a second job, participating in other leisure activities, etc.). Consequently, ignoring the value of time implies that the consumer surplus may be underestimated (Douglas and Johnson, 2004). However, leisure activities usually occur during weekends or holidays.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage: the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse

Azevedo

2020

IJCHM

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Purpose On October 2019, the Rubjerg Knude lighthouse (Denmark) was moved 70 metres from the cliff edge. The Danish Government spent €700,000 on the rescue operation. Using the zonal travel cost method (ZTCM), this paper aims to estimate the recreational value of this (im)movable maritime heritage building, to assess whether it was worthwhile to incur that public expenditure. This valuation is complemented by a digital reputation analysis. Design/methodology/approach A Flickr application programming interface search method extracted 795 public photos with the “Rubjerg and Knude” tags, taken between 2004 and 2019. The ZTCM analysis included 148 photographers who provided information about their residence location. Findings Depending on the regression models and assumptions made, the estimated economic value of the lighthouse (measured by the consumer surplus) varies between 5.5m and 133m euros. That means that the operation’s cost is only a small percentage of the expected economic recreational value. Research limitations/implications The sample of Flickr photographers is a proxy to estimate the zonal visitation rate for a specific destination. Zonal travel cost calculations are always based on some assumptions defined by researchers. Practical implications The paper frames the role of lighthouses as an (im)movable heritage element, which provides several cultural ecosystem services – in particular aesthetic, recreational, cultural/educational, bequest and sense of place values/benefits for tourists and residents. Social implications This study supports the political decision of preserving an identity symbol of a specific place, based solely on its recreational value. Originality/value This paper combines a monetary approach (ZTCM) with a digital reputation analysis of this iconic attraction.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage: the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse

Azevedo

2020

IJCHM

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“…Standard UK values were used for mileage rates and leisure time (Appendix Fig. 6; Douglas and Johnson 2004). This unit cost was then applied to the number of appointments reported at each time point in the USPQ.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hourly and daily wages were calculated using annual salary information (from the CRF) and days worked per week (from USPQ). Standard UK values were used for mileage rates and leisure time (Figure 6, Appendix) (Douglas and Johnson 2004). This unit cost was then applied to the number of appointments reported at each time point in the USPQ.…”

Section: (Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

DEEP Study: Indirect and Out-of-pocket Costs of Persistent Orofacial Pain

et al. 2018

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Persistent orofacial pain (POFP) is common and caused by a group of conditions affecting the face, head, or mouth. Recent research highlighted a problematic care pathway with high costs to the health care provider, but the financial impact on patients and employers is not understood. This study aimed to describe patient (out-of-pocket) and employer (indirect) costs of POFP and to identify whether the dichotomized Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) was predictive of costs. A cohort of 198 patients was recruited from primary and secondary care settings in North East England and followed over a 24-mo period. Patients completed the GCPS and Use of Services and Productivity Questionnaire every 6 mo and a Time and Travel Questionnaire at 14 mo. Questionnaires examined the implications of health care utilization on patients' everyday lives and personal finances. Time and travel costs were calculated and applied to use-of-services data to estimate out-of-pocket costs, while the human capital method and QQ method (quantity and quality of work completed) were used to estimate absenteeism and presenteeism costs, respectively. Per person per 6-mo period (in 2017 pounds sterling), mean out-of-pocket costs were £333 (95% CI, £289 to £377), and indirect costs were £1,242 (95% CI, £1,014 to £1,470). Regression analyses indicated that over 6 mo, the GCPS was predictive of the following: out-of-pocket costs-a difference of £311 between low and high GCPS per person per 6-mo period (95% CI, £280 to £342; P < 0.01, n = 705 observations over 24 mo); indirect costs-a difference of £2,312 between low and high GCPS per person per 6-mo period (95% CI, £1,886 to £2,737; P < 0.01; n = 352 observations over 24 mo). This analysis highlights "hidden" costs of POFP and supports the use of the dichotomized GCPS to identify patients at risk of higher impact and associated costs and thereby stratify care pathways and occupational health support appropriately.

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“…On the one hand, the appropriateness has been questioned as there is a disconnection between foregone wages and a recreational activity that individuals perform in their leisure time (Pascoe et al, ), supporting again a zero value. On the other hand, prior studies assumed that the value of travel time is proportional to income (e.g., De Borger & Fosgerau, ; Douglas & Johnson, ). Moreover, in the present study, it is plausible that participants take a day off from work to drive to the event, implying that opportunity costs in terms of foregone wages are relevant.…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valuing nonmarket benefits of participatory sport events using willingness to travel: Payment card versus random selection with mitigation of hypothetical bias

Whitehead

Wicker

2018

Journal of Tourism Research

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This study estimates the monetary value of nonmarket benefits to participants of a cycling event using a willingness to travel question. It compares different question formats and types of data. Using 3 years of data (2014-2016) from a postrace survey (n = 976), the results show that the random selection format produces 2.1 (stated preference data) and 2.5 times (revealed preference data) higher monetary values than the payment card. The magnitude of hypothetical bias, that is, the extent to which respondents overestimate their return visitation, is 21%. Hence, monetary values are highly sensitive to question formats and types of data. KEYWORDS contingent behavior method, intention to revisit, sport tourism, tourism economics, travel cost, willingness to pay

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The travel cost method and the economic value of leisure time

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage: the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse

Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage: the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse

DEEP Study: Indirect and Out-of-pocket Costs of Persistent Orofacial Pain

Valuing nonmarket benefits of participatory sport events using willingness to travel: Payment card versus random selection with mitigation of hypothetical bias

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