The Transport of Water Through the Human Epidermis1

Mali, J.W.H.

doi:10.1038/jid.1956.118

Cited by 73 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These effects are solvent‐specific. Acetone alone was less effective in increasing water permeation, but when mixed with diethyl ether it was much more effective (Berenson and Burch, ; Mali, ). Wolfram et al .…”

Section: Delipidizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview

Chiang¹,

Tudela²,

Maibach³

2012

J of Applied Toxicology

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The stratum corneum's (SC) functions include protection from external hazardous environments, prevention of water loss and regulation of body temperature. While intact skin absorption studies are abundant, studies on compromised skin permeability are less common, although products are often used to treat affected skin. We reviewed literature on percutaneous absorption through abnormal skin models. Tape stripping is used to disrupt water barrier function. Studies demonstrated that physicochemical properties influence the stripping effect: water-soluble drugs are more affected. Abrasion did not affect absorption as much. Freezing is commonly used to preserve skin. It does not seem to modify water absorption, but still increases the penetration of compounds. Comparatively, heating the skin consistently increased percutaneous absorption. Removing SC lipids may increase percutaneous absorption of drugs. Many organic solvents are employed to delipidize. Delipidization with chloroform-methanol increased hydrophilic compound permeability, but not lipophilic. Acetone pre-treatment enhanced hydrophilic compound penetration. More data is needed to determine influence on highly lipophilic compound penetration. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induces irritant dermatitis and is frequently used as a model. Studies revealed that SLS increases hydrophilic compound absorption, but not lipophilic. However, skin irritation with other chemicals increases lipophilic penetration as much as hydrophilic. Animal studies show that UV exposure increases percutaneous absorption whereas human studies do not. Human studies show increased penetration in psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin. The data summarized here begin to characterize flux alteration associated with damaged skin. Understanding the degree of alteration requires interpretation of involved conditions and the enlarging of our database to a more complete physicochemical spectrum.

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Section: Delipidizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview

Chiang¹,

Tudela²,

Maibach³

2012

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…In order, it encounters a surface film of emulsified lipids, the stratum corneum (horny layer), the barrier, the stratum germinativum (living epidermis), and finally the dermis (true skin) and blood vessels. Other avenues of penetration through the skin are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 2. Transepidermal Absorption.-Mali (8) states that the pathway through the epidermis is much more likely the main avenue of penetration for substances than are the sebaceous glands or sweat glands, simply because the epidermis presents a surface area 100 or 1,000 times greater than the other two.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Percutaneous Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous absorption

Barr

1962

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…The skin is no exception to this rule [3]. The logarithm of the w ater perm eability of a mem brane is linearly dependent on the reciprocal absolute tem perature.…”

Section: Varying the Insensible Perspiration By Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%