The transport of water in a tetrafunctional epoxy resin by near-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy

Musto, Pellegrino; Mascia, L.; Ragosta, G.; Scarinzi, Gennaro; Villano, P.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00210-4

Cited by 90 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The desorption of water was monitored by the equilibrated samples being placed in an environmental chamber fitted to an FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer System 2000). 17 This instrument was equipped with a high-temperature tungsten halogen NIR source, a multilayer calcium fluoride beam splitter, and a deuterated triglycine sulfate detector.…”

Section: Water Absorption and Desorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, a technique was developed, based on time-resolved FTIR measurements in the NIR range, that permits the continuous monitoring of the diffusion process. 17 The study was conducted at different temperatures on both the TGDDM/DDS network system and a BMI-containing network (N3 composition).…”

Section: Spectroscopic Determination Of the Water Diffusion Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sorption and desorption characteristics are subsequently examined by conventional gravimetric techniques and by a spectroscopic method based on time-resolved Fourier transform (FT)-NIR measurements. 17 A qualitative comparison is made among the diffusion behaviors of the pure epoxy resin and two compositions of the ternary mixture, with the different molecular structures of the investigated systems taken into account. The results are interpreted in the light of a diffusion model that takes into account the information on molecular interactions obtained by the spectroscopic analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probing the molecular interactions in the diffusion of water through epoxy and epoxy–bismaleimide networks

Musto

Ragosta

Scarinzi

et al. 2002

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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ABSTRACT:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the near-infrared (NIR) frequency range was used to investigate the molecular interactions occurring between absorbed water molecules and networks based on a tetrafunctional epoxy resin. One of these networks was a typical formulation containing 4,4Ј-diamino diphenylsulfone as a hardener, and the other was a modified resin containing 4,4Ј-bismaleimide-diphenylmethane (BMI) as a coreactive monomer. Molecular spectroscopy analysis confirmed the existence of mobile water localized into network defects (microvoids) that did not interact with the networks and water molecules bound to the networks through hydrogen-bonding interactions. In the BMI-containing system, the fraction of bound water decreased significantly with respect to the unmodified epoxy resin. This was a relevant result because the bound water was primarily responsible for the plasticization of the network and for the consequent worsening of mechanical performance. Water diffusion was investigated with gravimetric sorption measurements and time-resolved Fourier transform NIR spectroscopy measurements. These showed that the presence of BMI decreased the water uptake at equilibrium, enhanced the diffusivity, and reduced the activation energy for diffusion. A dual-mode model for diffusion was found to be suitable for accurately describing the mass-transport process in both investigated systems. The results of the model simulations allowed us to estimate the ratio of free and bound water, which was in good agreement with that obtained from the spectroscopic analysis.

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Section: Water Absorption and Desorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spectroscopic Determination Of the Water Diffusion Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probing the molecular interactions in the diffusion of water through epoxy and epoxy–bismaleimide networks

Musto

Ragosta

Scarinzi

et al. 2002

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…b. 6070 cm -1 : First overtone of terminal CH 2 stretching mode (Musto et al, 2000). This band interferes with the aromatic C-H stretching overtone at 5969 cm -1 (Xu et al, 1996), so in case there are aromatic rings in the structure (i.e.…”

Section: Epoxy Resins and Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The band located at 5215 cm -1 can be used to quantify water, although it must be normalized for sample thickness. The band at higher wavenumbers is used to determine the kind of interactions between water and network (Mijovic & Zhang, 2003;Cabanelas et al, 2003), but not with quantitative purposes since it is superimposed on the O-H overtone of the resin (Musto et al, 2000). To overcome the thickness variation it is possible to normalize water signal with a reference band invariant against the presence of water (for example, the band at 4623 cm -1 , corresponding to aromatic rings of DGEBA).…”

Section: Water Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology

2012

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Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymer Composites

Cole¹

2001

Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy

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The chapter reviews and illustrates with examples the many diverse applications of vibrational spectroscopy to the study of polymer composites, which are broadly defined as materials consisting of a polymeric (thermoplastic or thermoset) matrix reinforced with fibers (carbon, glass, polymer) or inorganic particles. After some discussion of the experimental difficulties that must be dealt with in obtaining spectra of these heterogeneous materials, the literature is reviewed under the following subject categories: quality control of polymer composites; studies of various reinforcement materials, their surface treatments, and their interaction with matrices (carbon fibers and particles, carbon nanotubes, glass, silica, silicates and nanosilicates, polymeric fibers, inorganic particulate fillers, fillers derived from plant sources); thermoplastic matrices (crystallinity, orientation); thermoset matrices (the study and monitoring of curing by mid‐infrared, near‐infrared, and Raman spectroscopies); environmental degradation. The chapter also covers the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor strain in composite materials.

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The transport of water in a tetrafunctional epoxy resin by near-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy

Cited by 90 publications

References 15 publications

Probing the molecular interactions in the diffusion of water through epoxy and epoxy–bismaleimide networks

Probing the molecular interactions in the diffusion of water through epoxy and epoxy–bismaleimide networks

Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology

Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymer Composites

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