“…Multiphase flow in porous media involves complex phenomena at the pore scale, often captured in terms of interfacial tension, contact angle, and capillary pressure. The accumulation of amphiphilic molecules, nanoparticles, or microorganisms at interfaces reduces the interfacial tension and affects the displacement of immiscible fluids, oil and gas recovery, CO 2 storage efficiency, and the environmental remediation of sites contaminated with either light or dense non-aqueous phase liquids. − Laboratory scale studies have successfully used zirconium dioxide ZrO 2 , titanium dioxide TiO 2 , silicon dioxide SiO 2 , and gold Au nanoparticles − to reduce the interfacial tension and change surface wettability. Yet, field-scale applications with synthesized nanoparticles remain hampered by high costs and potential environmental implications. ,, …”