The transmission of the Black Death to western Europe: a critical review of the existing evidence

Ditrich, Hans

doi:10.1080/09518967.2017.1314920

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In fact, historical records clearly associate the start of the outbreak with the successive arrival of several ships from Sidon (Lebanon) (31). While no additional information regarding the geographic location of the wildlife reservoir feeding plague to Europe during the 17th and 18th century is available, studies have argued that, before being introduced to the Mediterranean basin in 1347, plague spread to the territories around the Black Sea and to the Middle East (32, 33) and thus had an initial opportunity to be disseminated in this region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period

Namouchi

Guellil

Kersten

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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SignificanceWhile our knowledge of modern plague reservoirs and their hosts is extensive, we have little to no knowledge about the origin of the Medieval plague pandemics or the routes of transmission involved in their spread. Prior genomic data provide a patchy low-resolution picture of the transmission dynamics involved during the Second Plague Pandemic, with only five distinct genomes. We have reevaluated all Medieval strains under the light of archaeological and historical evidence to carefully discuss the involvement of different transmission routes during the Second Plague Pandemic. Our interpretation showcases the importance of trade routes and human movements and further supports the identification of Yersinia pestis as the pathogenic agent of the so-called pestis secunda (1357–1366).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period

Namouchi

Guellil

Kersten

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Black death is a call for the outbreak of infectious diseases that causes patients to have bubonic symptoms throughout the skin as well as lung inflammation. According to Ditrich (2017), bubonic on the skin occurs because the bacteria that spreads into the bloodstream enters the regional lymph nodes. When an organ in the body is infected, it will cause a human infection through a droplet (water-borne).…”

Section: Research Finding and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The infected person will endure symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes until the person dies. Most infection cases were through human-tohuman transmission like coughing and inhalation of contaminated sputum (primary pneumonic plague) (Ditrich 2017).…”

Section: Research Finding and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was proposed that the cause of the disease was a biological attack by the Mongols over Europe. Hans Ditrich (2017) explains that in 1347, the disease was brought from the Asov Sea through maritime trade to the Mediterranean and later arrived in Europe. Ditrich assessed the account by chronicler Gabriele de Mussis (1280-1356) from Piacenza, Italy, who claimed that the outbreak originated from a biological weapon used by the Mongols.…”

Section: Research Finding and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of PPE: Special reference to beaked masks during the Black Death and its aftermath

Rahman¹,

Kam²,

Azmi³

et al. 2022

Akademika

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The background of the research will focus on the cases of the Black Death pandemic in 14 th century onwards with particular review on the usage of beaked masks by plague doctors. This peculiar mask can be described as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at that time to protect the physicians from being infected when treating patients with Black Death symptoms. This research will evaluate the use of PPE from the medical, history, chemistry, technology and sociology perspectives to reach a detailed understanding of the benefits of wearing this peculiar mask in responding to the challenges presented by the epidemic. Hence, the ingredients and elements of the beaked masks need to be scrutinized in order to underscore the physicians' efforts in inventing such equipment in protecting frontline workers like the plague doctors. Analyzing the evolution of PPE and medical protection will help the public to understand medical history and the roles of community in dealing with cataclysmic epidemics in the past. The research found that beaked masks created as PPE by the physicians were able to support them psychologically in dealing with their patients. Unfortunately, the design and property inside beaked masks do not provide the expected protection unlike PPE in modern time which produced significant result in reducing the possibility of disease transmission.

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“…Çin'de ortaya çıktığı ve ticaret yolları ile yayıldığı düşünülen Kara Ölüm'ün yapılan bazı çalışmalarda ise 1346 baharında Hazar Denizi'nin kuzeybatı kıyılarından güney Rusya'ya kadar uzandığı bozkır bölgesinde başladığı (Ditrich, 2017) ileri sürülmektedir. Moğol ordusunun 1346 ve 1349 yılları arasında Kırım'daki ticaret şehri Kaffa'yı kuşatması sırasında vebadan ölen askerlerinin cesetlerini mancınıklarla şehrin içine atması dolayısıyla (Shıpman, 2014) tarihteki ilk biyolojik silah olarak da nitelenen Black Death (Kara Ölüm) (Riedel, 2005) Avrupa'da önce İstanbul'a ulaştıktan sonra sırasıyla Sicilya, Viyana, Genova (İtalya), Marsilya, Coruna (İspanya) üzerinden Normandiya kıyılarına ve tüm Avrupa'ya yoğun şekilde yayılmıştır (Resim.3).…”

Section: Tarihsel Süreçte Salgın Deneyimiunclassified

Çevresel Değerlere Etki̇leri̇ Açisindan Covid-191

ÖNER¹

2020

joh

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Yasemin HAYTA 2 & Şerif ÖNER 3Öz COVID-19'un dünya çapında yaşanan diğer salgınların sebep olduğu ölüm ve ekonomik kayıplara kıyasla çok daha fazla insanı olumsuz yönde etkileyeceği tahmin edilmektedir. COVID-19 başladığı andan günümüze neden olduğu etkilerinin yanı sıra toprak bozulması, ozon tabakasının incelmesi, kirlilik ve kentleşme gibi diğer küresel çevresel değişiklikler ve insan sağlığı açısından tartışılmaz bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Makalede, tarihte yaşanan pandemiler incelenmekte; odak noktası olarak COVID-19'un çevre üzerindeki etkileri vurgulanmaktır. Çalışma; Covid-19 sürecinde alınan acil durum önlemleri ile hava kalitesindeki iyileşme, temiz kumsallar, çevresel gürültünün azalması arasında önemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermekte; geri dönüşümün azalması, atıkların yönetimi ve fiziksel alanların (su ve toprak) kirliliğine dikkat çekmektedir.

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The transmission of the Black Death to western Europe: a critical review of the existing evidence

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period

Integrative approach using Yersinia pestis genomes to revisit the historical landscape of plague during the Medieval Period

History of PPE: Special reference to beaked masks during the Black Death and its aftermath

Çevresel Değerlere Etki̇leri̇ Açisindan Covid-191

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