The Transmission of Respiratory Infections

Hare, Ronald

doi:10.1177/003591576405700329

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Human expiratory droplets are produced by the atomization of human secretions along the airway . Droplets can contain elements such as sodium, potassium, and chloride in solutes and DNA, lipids, glycoproteins, and proteins in the suspended insoluble solids .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people

et al. 2016

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The occurrence of close proximity infection for many respiratory diseases is often cited as evidence of large droplet and/or close contact transmission. We explored interpersonal exposure of exhaled droplets and droplet nuclei of two standing thermal manikins as affected by distance, humidity, ventilation, and breathing mode. Under the specific set of conditions studied, we found a substantial increase in airborne exposure to droplet nuclei exhaled by the source manikin when a susceptible manikin is within about 1.5 m of the source manikin, referred to as the proximity effect. The threshold distance of about 1.5 m distinguishes the two basic transmission processes of droplets and droplet nuclei, that is, short-range modes and the long-range airborne route. The short-range modes include both the conventional large droplet route and the newly defined short-range airborne transmission. We thus reveal that transmission occurring in close proximity to the source patient includes both droplet-borne (large droplet) and short-range airborne routes, in addition to the direct deposition of large droplets on other body surfaces. The mechanisms of the droplet-borne and short-range airborne routes are different; their effective control methods also differ. Neither the current droplet precautions nor dilution ventilation prevents short-range airborne transmission, so new control methods are needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people

et al. 2016

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“…A droplet nucleus is the final product of a respiratory droplet after being released into air for a sufficient time. Droplet nuclei are derived from respiratory droplets, initially produced by the atomization of human secretions along the airway (Hare, 1964). The chemical composition of secretions lining the surface of the human airway has been described by Potter et al (1963), Dodds et al (1997), Effros et al (2002), and Schipper et al (2007), among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing

et al. 2016

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Understanding how respiratory droplets become droplet nuclei and their dispersion is essential for understanding the mechanisms and control of disease transmission via droplet-borne and airborne routes. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the size of droplet nuclei and their dispersion as a function of the ambient humidity and droplet composition. The model-predicted dried droplet nuclei size was 32% of the original diameter, which agrees with the maximum residue size in the classic study by Duguid, 1946, Edinburg Med. J., 52, 335 and the validation experiment in this study, but is smaller than the 50% size predicted by Nicas et al., 2005, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 2, 143. The droplet nuclei size at a relative humidity of 90% (25°C) could be 30% larger than the size of the same droplet at a relative humidity of less than 67.3% (25°C). The trajectories of respiratory droplets in a cough jet are significantly affected by turbulence, which promotes the wide dispersion of droplets. We found that medium-sized droplets (e.g., 60 μm) are more influenced by humidity than are smaller and larger droplets, while large droplets (≥100 μm), whose travel is less influenced by humidity, quickly settle out of the jet.

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“…153 Most of the bacteria that are emitted in respiratory droplets derive from the mouth, and not the nose, which is largely unsuitable for their production. 154 The largest number of bacteria present in the front of the mouth, where respiratory droplets are generated, are alphahemolytic streptococci. 155 These are almost never associated with cutaneous SSIs.…”

Section: Which Garments Are Likely To Have the Greatest Efficacy For mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgeon's garb and infection control: What's the evidence?

Eisen

2011

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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The Transmission of Respiratory Infections

Cited by 18 publications

References 56 publications

Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people

Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people

Evaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing

Surgeon's garb and infection control: What's the evidence?

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