The Transmission of Deformed Wing Virus between Honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) by the Ectoparasitic MiteVarroa jacobsoniOud

Bowen-Walker, Peter Lyndon; Martin, Stephen J.; Gunn, Alan

doi:10.1006/jipa.1998.4807

Cited by 358 publications

(330 citation statements)

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“…The absence of DWV from the honeybee and Varroa mite samples collected during this study was unexpected given its high prevalence in apiaries around the world (Allen and Ball, 1996;Baker and Schroeder, 2008;Berényi et al, 2006;Chen and Siede, 2007;Ellis and Munn, 2005;Martin et al, 1998;Tentcheva et al, 2004a) and the close association of DWV with Varroa mites (Bailey and Ball, 1991;Bowen-Walker et al, 1999;Dainat et al, 2012a;Gisder et al, 2009;Martin et al, 2012;Yang and CoxFoster, 2005;Yue and Genersch, 2005). Recently, DWV was also found to be absent from wild A. m. scutellata drones collected in a South African Nature Reserve and honeybee samples from Uganda (Kajobe et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Strauss

Human

Gauthier

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Strauss

Human

Gauthier

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…DWV normally causes covert infections in honeybees (de Miranda & Fries, 2008;Hails et al, 2008;Yue et al, 2007). Overt DWV infections characterized by the occurrence of visible disease symptoms (deformed wings, bloated and shortened abdomen, and miscolouring) are associated with V. destructor infestation (Ball & Allen, 1988;Bowen-Walker et al, 1999;Martin, 2001;Martin et al, 1998; Santillán-Galicia et al, 2010;Tentcheva et al, 2006;Yue & Genersch, 2005). However, the exact role of the mite in the pathogenesis of DWV is still not fully understood and a direct causal link between the virus and the symptom 'wing deformity' has not been established yet (de Miranda & Genersch, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Such vertically transmitted infections are mainly if not exclusively covert, which might present a mechanism for long-term persistence in the honeybee population as has also been described for other insect viruses (Bonsall et al, 2005;Burden et al, 2003;de Miranda & Genersch, 2010;Hails et al, 2008). Only in association with the ectoparasitic mite V. destructor have overt outbreaks of DWV infection, characterized by deformed wings as the most prominent symptom, been recorded (Ball, 1989;Ball & Allen, 1988;Bowen-Walker et al, 1999;Martin, 2001). However, a direct causal link between the virus and the symptom 'wing deformity' had not been established.…”

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confidence: 99%

Horizontal transmission of deformed wing virus: pathological consequences in adult bees (Apis mellifera) depend on the transmission route

Möckel

Gisder

Genersch

2010

Journal of General Virology

159

191

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Recent reports on a steady decline of honeybee colonies in several parts of the world caused great concern. There is a consensus that pathogens are among the key players in this alarming demise of the most important commercial pollinator. One of the pathogens heavily implicated in colony losses is deformed wing virus (DWV). Overt DWV infections manifested as deformed-wing syndrome started to become a threat to honeybees only in the wake of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which horizontally transmits DWV. However, a direct causal link between the virus and the symptom 'wing deformity' has not been established yet. To evaluate the impact of different horizontal transmission routes, and especially the role of the mite in the development of overt DWV infections, we performed laboratory infection assays with pupae and adult bees. We could demonstrate that pupae injected with DWV dose-dependently developed overt infections characterized by deformed wings in adult bees, suggesting that DWV, if transmitted to pupae by the mite, is the causative agent of the deformed-wing syndrome. The OID 50 (overt infection dosage) was approximately 2500 genome equivalents. Injecting more than 1¾10 7 DWV genome equivalents into adult bees also resulted in overt infections while the same viral dosage fed to adult bees only resulted in covert infections. Therefore, both infection of adult bees through DWVtransmitting phoretic mites and infection of nurse bees through their cannibalizing DWV-infected pupae might represent possible horizontal transmission routes of DWV. INTRODUCTIONManaged honeybees are indispensable for profitable and sustainable agriculture and for many non-agricultural ecosystems because of the extraordinary pollination service they provide. Hence, reports on a steady decline in honeybee populations in Europe, USA and Japan in the recent past (for a review see vanEngelsdorp & Meixner, 2010) caused great concern and several studies were initiated to identify the underlying cause. From these studies it became more and more evident that the key players in most of the 'inexplicable' colony losses are pathogens (Ratnieks & Carreck, 2010). Especially, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in concert with certain pathogenic bee viruses played a major role in the observed colony collapses (Cox-Foster et al., 2007;Genersch et al., 2010; Guzmán-Novoa et al., 2010;Highfield et al., 2009;Siede et al., 2008;vanEngelsdorp, 2008;vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009).One of the viruses heavily implicated in colony losses is Deformed wing virus (DWV), a plus-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Iflaviridae (Lanzi et al., 2006). DWV normally causes covert infections in honeybees (de Miranda & Fries, 2008;Hails et al., 2008;Yue et al., 2007). Overt DWV infections characterized by the occurrence of visible disease symptoms (deformed wings, bloated and shortened abdomen, and miscolouring) are associated with V. destructor infestation (Ball & Allen, 1988;Bowen-Walker et al., 1999;Martin, 2001;Martin et al., 1998; Santillán-Galicia et...

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“…DWV (GenBank accession number NC 004830) is the virus that is directly related to varroa mite infestation and that causes severe bee colony death (36,37). It has been hypothesized that varroa mites are vectors or activators of several bee viruses (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42). † Interestingly, a picorna-like virus termed Kakugo RNA, which has 98-99% homology with DWV, was identified in the brains of aggressive worker bees and was suggested to underlie the aggressive behavior of the guard bees (43).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: Evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification

Yang

Cox-Foster

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

466

375

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Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are ectoparasites of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and cause serious damage to bee colonies. The mechanism of how varroa mites kill honey bees remains unclear. We have addressed the effects of the mites on bee immunity and the replication of a picorna-like virus, the deformed wing virus (DWV). The expression of genes encoding three antimicrobial peptides (abaecin, defensin, and hymenoptaecin) and four immunity-related enzymes (phenol oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) were used as markers to measure the difference in the immune response. We have demonstrated an example of an ectoparasite immunosuppressing its invertebrate host with the evidence that parasitization significantly suppressed expression of these immunity-related genes. Given that ticks immunosuppress their vertebrate hosts, our finding indicates that immunosuppression of hosts may be a common phenomenon in the interaction and coevolution between ectoparasites and their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. DWV viral titers were significantly negatively correlated with the expression levels of the immunity-related enzymes. All bees had detectable DWV. Miteinfested pupae developed into adults with either normal or deformed wings. All of the deformed-wing bees were greatly infected by DWV (Ϸ10 6 times higher than varroa-infested but normal-winged bees). Injection with heat-killed bacteria dramatically promoted DWV titers (10 5 times in 10 h) in the mite-infested, normal-winged bees to levels similar to those found in miteinfested, deformed-wing bees. Varroa mites may cause the serious demise of honey bees by suppressing bee immunity and by boosting the amplification of DWV in bees exposed to microbes.antimicrobial peptides ͉ immunosuppression ͉ innate immunity ͉ varroa mite ͉ honey bee

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The Transmission of Deformed Wing Virus between Honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) by the Ectoparasitic MiteVarroa jacobsoniOud

Cited by 358 publications

References 16 publications

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)

Horizontal transmission of deformed wing virus: pathological consequences in adult bees (Apis mellifera) depend on the transmission route

Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: Evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification

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