“…The AVP II was originally developed for the occlusion of high-flow peripheral vessels such as arteriovenous malformations in human patients [36][37][38][39], but it has also been successfully used for interventional PDA closure in humans and dogs mainly using a transfemoral venous approach [22,23,40,41]. The transjugular approach is widely used in humans and dogs for minimally invasive procedures necessitating right heart catheterization, such as pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty, pacemaker implantation and radiofrequency ablations [25,27,29], however, it has been rarely reported for ACDO release in dogs with PDA [42,43]. Among the venous approaches, the larger size of the vessel and the ease of isolation make the trans-jugular approach more accessible than the femoral one, and this reduces surgical or procedure times [22,26,34,44,45].…”