The transition from spark to arc discharge and its implications with respect to nanoparticle production

Hontañón, Esther; Palomares, J.M.; Stein, Matthias; Guo, Xiaoai; Engeln, Rah Richard; Nirschl, Hermann; Kruis, Frank Einar

doi:10.1007/s11051-013-1957-y

Cited by 77 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The values produced above can be mirrored against experimental data reported in [2,3] for Ag, Cu and Zn, as summarised in Table 2; data for Cu using discharges ranging from sparks via glow discharges to arcs are summarised in Figure 7. …”

Section: Nano-particulate Materials Production Using Arc/ Spark Dischamentioning

confidence: 80%

Exergy of Nano-Particulate Materials

Zevenhoven¹,

Beyene²

2014

Int. J. Thermo

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Nano-particle (NP) production processes may involve the use of significant amounts of complex chemicals. A more advanced approach for producing metallic NP materials may be the use of high voltage arc-or spark-driven systems. In addition to a reduction in chemicals use, the energy use of arcs/sparks exclusively in the form of electricity may be significantly less than the energy needs of waste stream processing from chemical usage, handling and posttreatment in nano-tech industry. Using exergy as a fundamental tool we assess the energy efficiency of NP material production, a subject obscured by lack of data and literature. One goal of this paper is to introduce a description of the exergy of NP materials and their processing. Silver, gold, copper, nickel, zinc and aluminium were taken as case studies. The results show that especially for NP material < 20 nm the surface energy of the material becomes significant. Moreover, a large energy penalty results from temperatures and enthalpies of NP condensation and solidification being lower than values for melting and evaporation of the bulk material. Comparing theoretical values with results from experiments shows that the specific electricity consumption is orders of magnitude higher than the energy penalties calculated as inevitable.

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Section: Nano-particulate Materials Production Using Arc/ Spark Dischamentioning

confidence: 80%

Exergy of Nano-Particulate Materials

Zevenhoven¹,

Beyene²

2014

Int. J. Thermo

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“…Electrical discharges were used to produce Ag NPs, namely spark ablation 64 , and arc discharge. 65 With the former method, a spark discharge is initiated by a self-pulsed circuit operating in parallel with a capacitor bank and with two electrodes (two identical 99.99% pure Ag rods with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 30 mm, MaTecK GmbH, Germany) placed next to each other forming a gap through which the carrier gas (Ar purity 99.999%) flushes through. The electrodes in the arc discharge are a tungsten rod (with a diameter of 1.6 mm, purity 99.95%, Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd., UK), and an Ag rod (with a diameter of 9.5 mm, purity 99.9%, Goodfellow GmbH, Germany) using the carrier gas of N 2 (purity 99.999%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable and Environmentally Benign Process for Smart Textile Nanofinishing

Feng

Hontañón

Blanes

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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A major challenge in nanotechnology is that of determining how to introduce green and sustainable principles when assembling individual nanoscale elements to create working devices.For instance, textile nanofinishing is restricted by the many constraints of traditional pad-drycure processes, such as the use of costly chemical procedures to produce nanoparticles (NPs), the high liquid and energy consumption, the production of harmful liquid waste, and multi-step batch operations. By integrating low-cost, scalable, and environmentally benign aerosol processes of the type proposed here into textile nanofinishing, these constraints can be circumvented while leading to a new class of fabrics. The proposed one-step textile nanofinishing process relies on the diffusional deposition of aerosol NPs onto textile fibers. As proof of this concept, we deposit Ag NPs onto a range of textiles and assess their antimicrobial properties for two strains of bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus Aureus and Klebsiella Pneumoniae).The measurements show that the logarithmic reduction in bacterial count reaches ca. 5.5 (corresponding to a reduction efficiency of 99.96%) when the Ag loading is one order of magnitude less (10 ppm; i.e., 10 mg Ag NPs per kg of textile) than in the textiles treated by traditional wet-routes. The antimicrobial activity does not increase in proportion to the Ag content above 10 ppm as a consequence of a "saturation" effect. Such low loading for

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“…Different setups are being studied by a few project partners but in general the discharge is established between two metallic electrodes at a certain distance from each other. The size distribution, morphology, composition and yield of the aerosol particles are dependent on the electrode material, carrier gas composition and the type and energy input of the electrical discharge [2].…”

Section: Evaporation/condensation Of Metal Using Electric Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle indicator comparison of copper, silver, zinc and aluminum nanoparticle production through electric arc evaporation or chemical reduction

Slotte

Metha

Zevenhoven

2015

Int J Energy Environ Eng

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Ways to produce metallic nanoparticles and the scale-up of these processes have seen increased interest as the industrial application of nanoparticles continues to grow. Their feasibility from an environmental point of view can be assessed by means of life cycle analysis (LCA). In this work two methods of metallic nanoparticle production, by evaporation/condensation of metal using electrical arc discharge reactors or by chemical reduction of metal salts in aqueous solutions or dry solid/solid mixtures, are evaluated based on the life cycle indicators. The evaporation of metal using electrical discharge reactors is a method studied in the European Commission 7th Framework Program ''BUONAPART-E.'' The environmental impact of the two different nanoparticle production approaches is here compared for four metals: copper, silver, zinc and aluminum. The chemical routes of producing nanoparticles require several different chemicals and reactions, while the electrical discharge routes use electricity to evaporate metal in a reactor under inert atmosphere. The nanoparticle production processes were modeled using ''SimaPro'' LCA software. Data for both the chemical production routes and the arc routes were taken from the literature. The choice of the best route for the production of each metal is strongly dependent on the final yield of the metallic nanoparticles. The yields for the chemical processes are not reported in the open literature, and therefore the comparisons have to be made with varying yields. At similar yields the electrical process has in general a lower environmental footprint than the studied chemical routes. The step or chemical with the greatest environmental impact varies significantly depending on process and metal being studied.

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The transition from spark to arc discharge and its implications with respect to nanoparticle production

Cited by 77 publications

References 51 publications

Exergy of Nano-Particulate Materials

Exergy of Nano-Particulate Materials

Scalable and Environmentally Benign Process for Smart Textile Nanofinishing

Life cycle indicator comparison of copper, silver, zinc and aluminum nanoparticle production through electric arc evaporation or chemical reduction

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