The Transformation of Peace

Dealing with the Legacy of Ethnic Conflict: Confronting ‘Othering’ through Transformative Adult Education—A Northern Ireland Case Study

“…To understand the sectarian divisions that continue to blight Northern Ireland society it is necessary to understand both the causes of conflict in the first instance, but also the cultural factors that help to sustain divisions long after the fighting has ended (Richmond, 2005). An important dimension of this is understanding how conflicting groups have come to perceive themselves and each other and how such perceptions have the ability to impact the transition out of conflict Rothman, 1997).…”

“…Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that the ending of a military conflict does not bring with it a change in how conflicting groups view each other (MacGinty, et al, 2007;Richmond, 2010;Richmond, 2005). Long-held negative perceptions of the Other do not end with the signing of a peace agreement and, as such, the causes of conflict, albeit a lower level form of conflict, continue to exist (MacGinty, et al, 2007;Steenkamp, 2005).…”

Formação do Estado e da comunidade política em Timor‑Leste – A centralidade do local

“…Em resultado disso, a comunidade interna cional tem enfatizado o reforço ou a transferência para os Estados e para as eleições da arquitetura institucional, encarada como fundamental (Paris, 2004;Richmond, 2005). De acordo com este entendimento (globalmente weberiano), o Estado é identificado com as instituições do governo e da lei, que são tidas como distintas da sociedade, mas que a ordenam.…”

Seeing like the International Community: How Peacebuilding Failed (and Survived) in Tajikistan

“…Yet alternative propositions for peace have a distinctly neo-liberal orientation. They posit what is denoted critically as a 'liberal peace' (Paris 2004;Richmond 2005) which, in Bertram's terms, 'entails building the political conditions for a sustainable democratic peace, generally in countries long divided by social strife, rather than keeping or enforcing peace between hostile states and armed parties ' (1995: 388).…”

“…This iconoclastic move, found in an emerging literature on the 'liberal peace' (Paris 2004;Richmond 2005), is regarded as a misrepresentation by many practitioners who regard themselves as pragmatists. It is also increasingly out of touch with discursive trends, in the policy and academic worlds, where peacebuilding is being increasingly understood in the conservative terms of statebuilding where security is the principal goal.…”