“…Indeed, many animal species can learn experimentally-generated statistical and structural patterns within one modality ( ten Cate, 2014 , ten Cate and Okanoya, 2012 ). Although non-human animals are capable of modality-specific structure learning, discrete/continuous cross-modal mappings, and even second order relational matching ( Fagot and Parron, 2010 , Smirnova et al, 2015 ) to date cross-modal structural isomorphisms have only been shown in humans and computer-simulated neural networks ( Dienes, Altmann, and Gao, 1995 , Dienes, Altmann, Gao, and Goode, 1995 , Hauser and Watumull, 2016 ).…”