The Trading of Ancient Glass Beads: New Analytical Data From South Asian and East African Soda–alumina Glass Beads*

Dussubieux, Laure; Kusimba, Chapurukha M.; Gogte, V.; Kusimba, Sibel; Gratuze, Bernard; Oka, Rahul

doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00350.x

Cited by 162 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…High levels of Al 2 O 3 have not been found in plant‐ash glass manufactured in Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, including al‐Fustat. High‐aluminium glass with relatively low levels of lime is generally considered to have been made in South Asia (Brill 1987), but the overwhelming majority of such glasses in South Asia were fluxed with mineral soda rather than plant ash (Lankton and Dussubieux 2006; Dussubieux et al. 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High levels of Al 2 O 3 have not been found in plant-ash glass manufactured in Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, including al-Fustat. High-aluminium glass with relatively low levels of lime is generally considered to have been made in South Asia (Brill 1987), but the overwhelming majority of such glasses in South Asia were fluxed with mineral soda rather than plant ash (Lankton and Dussubieux 2006;Dussubieux et al 2008). Beads made of plant-ash soda-lime-silica glass with high aluminium are very common at southern African and Madagascar sites dating to the 13th to 15th centuries (Robertshaw et al 2006a,b), though none of them look like the two al-Basra specimens.…”

Section: Soda-lime-silica (Na 2 O:cao:sio 2 ) Glass With High Aluminiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads From Medieval Al‐basra (Morocco)

et al. 2010

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This paper reports the results of elemental analysis, using laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS), of 30 glass beads from an assemblage of beads excavated at medieval al‐Basra, Morocco. Six chemical glass types are represented and their characteristics and geographical origins are discussed, with reference also to the techniques used to make the beads. The presence of numerous beads of lead–silica glasses is of particular interest. The morphological, technological and chemical analyses of the bead assemblage shed light on al‐Basra's trade connections.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soda-lime-silica (Na 2 O:cao:sio 2 ) Glass With High Aluminiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads From Medieval Al‐basra (Morocco)

et al. 2010

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“…These include Cambay, in the northwest, and Negapatam in the southeast. Other ports may well have been involved as well, such as Chaul (Dussubieux et al 2008). It is possible that, when our ability to distinguish vaare more common in southern Africa, having been brought by a direct southern route, and that those carried from ports in northwest India were more common in East Africa.…”

Section: Late 15th To Mid-17th Centuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interconnections: glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean - 7th to 16th centuries AD

Wood¹

2012

Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa

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Glass beads comprise the most frequently found evidence of trade between southern Africa and the greater Indian Oceanbetween the 7 th and 16 th centuries AD. In this thesis beads recovered from southern African archaeological sites are organized into series, based on morphology and chemical composition determined by LA-ICP-MS analysis. The results are used to interpret the trade patterns and partners that linked eastern Africa to the rest of the Indian Ocean world, as well as interconnections between southern Africa andEast Africa. Comprehensive reports on bead assemblages from several archaeological sites are presented, including: Mapungubwe, K2 and Schroda in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin; Chibuene in southern Mozambique; Hlamba Mlonga in eastern Zimbabwe; Sibudu Cave in KwaZulu-Natal, Kaole Ruins in Tanzania and Mahilaka in northwest Madagascar. The conclusions reached show that trade relationships and socio-political development in the south were different from those on the East Coast and that changes in bead series in the south demonstrate it was fully integrated into the cycles of the Eurasian and African world-system.

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“…This method has been widely and successfully used for elemental analysis of historic glasses [5, 11, 21, 26–29], although the lack of suitable matrix-matched solid standards is still recognized as an important limitation and prevents insights into the accuracy achievable with this technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical assessment of the elemental composition of Corning archeological reference glasses by LA-ICP-MS

et al. 2011

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Corning archeological reference glasses A, B, C, and D have been made to simulate different historic technologies of glass production and are used as standards in historic glass investigations. In this work, nanoseconds (193, 266 nm) and femtosecond (800 nm) laser ablation were used to study the elemental composition of Corning glasses using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The determined concentrations of 26 oxides (Li2O, B2O3, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, Rb2O, SrO, ZrO2, SnO2, Sb2O5, BaO, PbO, Bi2O3) are compared with values reported in the literature. Results show variable discrepancies between the data, with the largest differences found for Cr2O3 in Corning A; Li2O, B2O3, and Cr2O3 in Corning B; and MnO, Sb2O5, Cr2O3, and Bi2O3 in Corning C. The best agreement between the measured and literature values was found for Corning D. However, even for this reference, glass re-evaluation of the data was necessary and new values for PbO, BaO, and Bi2O3 are proposed.FigureThe results of Corning glasses obtained by LA-ICP-MS after ablation by different laser wavelenghts presented as the ratios of the measured to the recommended values

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The Trading of Ancient Glass Beads: New Analytical Data From South Asian and East African Soda–alumina Glass Beads*

Cited by 162 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads From Medieval Al‐basra (Morocco)

Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads From Medieval Al‐basra (Morocco)

Interconnections: glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean - 7th to 16th centuries AD

Critical assessment of the elemental composition of Corning archeological reference glasses by LA-ICP-MS

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