The tracheal immune system of insects - A blueprint for understanding epithelial immunity

Evaluating Mosquito Biocontrol Effectiveness by Isolating and Characterizing Some Fungi Against Culex Pipiens and Anopheles Stephensi in Sothern Part of Iraq

“…This study intended to highlight the role of isolated fungi as an alternative control measure against mosquitoes, the reason for the ability of these fungi to penetrate the eggshell is due to the complementarity of the enzymatic and mechanical activities they have, as they can secrete the enzymes protease, chitinase, and lipase, in addition to the power of mechanical action (Liu et al, 2007;Frey, 2019). The increase in mortality rates by increasing the concentration is due to the increase in the number of spores, and then the increase in the percentage of spores developing when attacking the host and weakening the immune system of the insect, in addition to the immune system of the larvae can defend the body at concentrations Sessile However, when the concentration increases, the device may lose its efficiency (Bossen et al, 2023). Insects infected with fungi may live 3 to 5 days as a result of spores germination and penetration of fungal hyphae through the respiratory orifices, which causes suffocation of larvae as a result of closing the respiratory openings, as well as the growth of the fungus in the middle channel of the larvae and depletion of nutrients and after 72 hours the fatty tissue is destroyed and thus the percentage of larvae mortality may reach 100% after 96 hours, and some treated larvae die during molting as they fail to molt and remain attached to the molted layers (Goettel, and Glare,2010;Sarowar et al, 2013).…”

“…As a result, high concentrations did not provide better temporal and spatial coverage, which might have increased the death rate. To maximize the benefits of natural control, fungal spores should be used instead of uprooted endotoxins (Bossen et al, 2023) While most spores adhere to the inside of the larval body, some mechanically block the pathways that allow them to enter through the mouth or siphon. The linked spores harm the larval tissues when they germinate because of their vegetative (ONG'WEN, 2018).…”

From phyllosphere to insect cuticles: silkworms gather antifungal bacteria from mulberry leaves to battle fungal parasite attacks

“…In contrast to the beetle larvae [ 16 ], the pouch-like structure is absent on silkworm larvae for housing bacteria during insect molting. It is possible but remains to be determined that the bacteria hiding on the trachea of silkworm larvae may contribute to the seeding of cuticular bacteria after insect molting [ 51 ]. Similar to the ingestion of plant bacteria into insect guts [ 5 ], the body surfaces of silkworm larvae can be “contaminated” with the mulberry leaf phyllosphere bacteria during insect feeding and crawling.…”

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Japanese sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus

“…This beetle is widely distributed in Japan, Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and the surrounding countries 9 , 10 . Single M. alternatus can harbor, on average, 15,000 and up to 280,000 pinewood nematodes in its tracheal system 11 , 12 . Monochamus saltuarius is another species that was reported as the vector beetle of pinewood nematode in Japan, Europe, and China.…”