The Trace Element Composition of Polished Flint Axes as an Indicator of Source

Stone Artefact Production and Exchange among the Lesser Antilles

“…Following Luedtke (1979), who tested different identification methods, the application of Discriminant Analysis is most suited to this purpose. The recurrent use of this technique supports this notion (Craddock et al 1983;De Bruin et al 1972;Glascock et al 1998;Sieveking et al 1972). Keckla (1980, 7) defines Discriminant Analysis as "a statistical technique which allows the researcher to study the differences between two or more groups of objects, with respect to several variables simultaneously."…”

“…Different researchers working on northwestern European flints found similarly low or even lower success rates (Craddock et al 1983;De Bruin et al 1983). This poor assignment rate compared to, for example, obsidian studies (see Glascock et al 1998) can be attributed to large intra-source variation of some sources Figure 2.25.…”

In the footsteps of Pliny: tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, south-west Libya

“…Valuable trace element concentrations were provided in a total of 20 archaeometric papers (Aspinall and Feather 1972;De Bruin et al, 1972;Luedtke 1978;Craddock et al, 1983;Hess 1996;Cackler et al, 1999;Nathan et al, 1999;Lyons et al, 2003;Glascock 2004;Insoll et al, 2004;Evans and Donahue 2005;Evans et al, 2007;Kasztovszky et al, 2008;Navazo et al, 2008;Huckell et al, 2011;Olofsson and Rodushkin 2011;Law et al, 2012;Pettitt et al, 2012;Pitblado et al, 2013;ten Bruggencate et al, 2013). After exclusion of those papers omitting data or including data that are incompatible because of instrumental protocols, it was possible to define a set of 12 papers reporting more than 1041 silica samples, including agate (80), chalcedony (11), chert (319), flint (189), opal (25) and quartzite (402).…”

An approach to the use of packaged statistical programs for cluster, classification, and discriminant analysis of trace element data

“…A comparison between the pioneering study by J. E. Dixon et al (1972) on obsidian trade and the recent paper by P. T. Craddock et al (1983) dealing with sources of flint can serve to illustrate the development and the increasing sophistication of modern provenance studies.…”