The toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense as the probable cause of mortality of caged salmon in Nova Scotia

Cembella, Allan; Quilliam, Michael A.; Lewis, N. I.; Bauder, A. G.; Dell’Aversano, Carmela; Thomas, Krista; Jellett, J. F.; Cusack, R.

doi:10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00048-3

Cited by 85 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It seems that some bivalves may be especially sensitive to red tides (Nielsen and Strom-grem, 1991), but others may be more tolerant (Li et al, 2002). In our short time cycle, the cell concentration (dominated by P.reticulatum) can be considered moderate if compared with other algal proliferations (Garcés et al, 1999;Cembella et al, 2002). In this particular area, up to 2.5 × 10 6 cells L -1 have been found off coastal areas (mainly diatoms, Herrera and Escribano, 2006), so it is possible that, even taking into account the potential toxicity of the species, the values found here did not completely inhibit the benthic suspension feeder activity.…”

Section: Food Availability Associated With a Red Tidementioning

confidence: 82%

Biochemical features of a <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions

Rossi¹,

Fiorillo²

2010

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY:Protoceratium reticulatum is considered a potential toxic dinoflagellate. This paper describes a high-frequency monitoring study performed at Chipana Bay (northern Chile), sampling over 48 hours in a near-bottom shallow coastal area to quantify the biochemical features of a red tide dominated by this microscopic algae. This area belongs to the Humboldt Current upwelling system, and is considered highly productive for artisanal fisheries. Total chlorophyll a, total lipids, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, fatty acids and major phytoplankton group concentration (i.e. dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates and cysts) were studied in 7-hour intervals in February 2007. Our results indicate a high concentration of potential available food in the form of lipids ranging from 50 to 300 µg L -1 for benthic suspension feeders, i.e. bivalves. The dominance of P. reticulatum (60-80% of the total cell concentration per litre, ranging from 55x10 3 to 384x10 3 cells L -1 ) can be considered as a possible interference for harvesting in this productive area, although the toxicity of this algae was not proved in the present study. The main dinoflagellate fatty acid markers [18:0, 18:4(n-3), 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3)] showed high proportions (%) during the short time cycle and in at least two cases [the 18:4 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3) fatty acids] a highly significant relationship with dinoflagellate concentration (cells L -1 ). The topographical and benthic structure (mainly kelp forest) of the zone helps to retain particles and nutrients that may in part explain the high productivity and food availability, but the presence of recurrent red tides in this coastal area-if they prove to be toxic-is argued to be a major problem for local fisheries.Keywords: Protoceratium reticulatum, red tide, available food, dinoflagellate, fatty acids, upwelling system. RESUMEN: Características bioquímicas de una marea roja de Protoceratium reticulatum en la bahía de Chipana (Norte de Chile) en condiciones estivales. -Protoceratium reticulatum es un dinoflagelado considerado potencialmente tóxico. En el presente estudio se realizaron una serie de muestreos con elevada frecuencia en la bahía de Chipana (norte de Chile), recolectando diferentes parámetros durante 48 horas en aguas cercanas al fondo en un área costera de poca profundidad para cuantificar las características bioquímicas de una marea roja dominada por esta alga microscópica. El área de estudio pertenece al sistema de surgencia de la corriente de Humboldt y es considerada muy productiva especialmente para la pesca de tipo artesanal. Se estudiaron la concentración de clorofila a, los lípidos totales, el carbono y nitrógeno particulados y los ácidos grasos del seston en suspensión, así como los principales grupos unicelulares (dinoflagelados, diatomeas, ciliados y cistes) mediante recuento celular cada siete horas en el periodo estival (febrero 2007). Los presentes resultados muestran una elevada cantidad de alimento potencial disponible (en forma de lípidos, con un rango de 50 a 300 µ...

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Section: Food Availability Associated With a Red Tidementioning

confidence: 82%

Biochemical features of a <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions

Rossi¹,

Fiorillo²

2010

Sci. Mar.

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“…Taking the analysis one step further, 15 sub-strains taken from one strain had a 0.6 MU per 10 4 cells range in toxin production. An analysis of PSP toxin composition in two strains of A. tamarense showed that one strain, SB31, produced mostly the sulfocarbamoyl derivative C2 while the other strain, SB32, produced mostly GTX3 and GTX4 (Cembella et al 2002). Studies such as these show broad differences among strains and argue that finding one "representative" strain is highly unlikely if not impossible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra- and interspecies differences in growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia while using different nitrogen sources

2009

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Clonal cultures of plankton are widely used in laboratory experiments and have contributed greatly to knowledge of microbial systems. However, many physiological characteristics vary drastically between strains of the same species, calling into question our ability to make ecologically relevant inferences about populations based on studying one or a few strains. This study included nineteen non-axenic strains of three species of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia isolated primarily from the mid-Atlantic coastal region of the United States.Toxin (domoic acid) production and growth rates were measured in cultures using different nitrogen sources (NH 4 + , NO 3 ⎯ and urea) and growth irradiances. The strains exhibited broad differences in growth rate and toxin content even between strains isolated from the same water sample. The influence of bacteria on toxin production was not investigated. Both P. multiseries clones produced toxin, yet preferentially used different nitrogen sources. Only two out of nine P. calliantha and two out of five P. fraudulenta isolates were toxic and domoic acid content varied by orders of magnitude. All three species had variable intraspecies growth rates on each nitrogen source, but P. fraudulenta strains had the broadest range. Light-limited growth rate and maximum growth rate in P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries varied with species. These findings show the importance of defining intra-and interspecies variability in ecophysiology and toxicity.Ecologically relevant functional diversity in the form of ecotypes or cryptic species appears to be present in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.

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“…The notion that the unknown Alexandrium spp. lytic compounds may primarily act on cell membranes suggests that they may also cause the death of fish by destroying their gills (Mortensen 1985, Cembella et al 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathic effects of Alexandrium tamarense on other algae: evidence from mixed growth experiments

Tillmann¹,

Hansen²

2009

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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The toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense as the probable cause of mortality of caged salmon in Nova Scotia

Cited by 85 publications

References 15 publications

Biochemical features of a <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions

Biochemical features of a <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions

Intra- and interspecies differences in growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia while using different nitrogen sources

Allelopathic effects of Alexandrium tamarense on other algae: evidence from mixed growth experiments

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