The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants

Hardy, Marcia

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00240-5

Cited by 119 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similar patterns of octa-and nona-BDE were identified in freshwater fish and crustaceans exposed to BDE209 in wastewater effluent, suggesting that BDE209 debromination may also occur in wild fish in aquatic environment (La Guardia et al, 2007). Other than the debrominated diphenyl ethers (De-BDEs) metabolites, the methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) metabolites were also studied among different fish species (Hardy, 2002;Hakk and Letcher, 2003). MeO-BDEs have been reported in marine fish, freshwater fish, birds and seals in the Baltic Sea area (Haglund et al, 1997;Olsson et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Debrominated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

Feng

et al. 2010

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant. Previous studies had proved that BDE209 itself was not toxic, while its metabolites including debrominated diphenyl ethers (De-BDEs) and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) posed a potential threat to organisms. Many studies had indicated that BDE209 could metabolize quickly in mammals, but lacking in the basic data about the metabolism of BDE209 in fish. In the present study, two replicate treatment groups of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to BDE209 via a single intraperitoneal injection approximately 100 and 500 ng/g, respectively. Muscle, liver and blood samples were collected to analyze the specific metabolites on day 1 and day 28 post injection. The highest concentration of BDE209 was detected in muscle tissues, from 796.1 ng/g wet weight (day 1) to 687.1 ng/g wet weight (day 28) in high dose group, suggesting that BDE209 could accumulate slightly in muscle tissues. However, BDE209 was not detected in the blood for all treatments. Most congeners of De-BDEs were found in muscle and liver tissues, with the highest concentration in the liver. The main De-BDEs were nona-, octa-, hepta-and penta-De-BDEs. A total of seven MeO-BDE metabolites were observed among different fish tissues. Blood had the highest contribution of the MeO-BDE metabolites. Each MeO-BDE congener increased over the 28 days. These results in contrast to other studies suggested possible species-specific differences in metabolic abilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Debrominated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

Feng

et al. 2010

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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“…There is an acceptable body of information on the toxicity of PBDEs, particularly decaBDE, and a comprehensive discussion of PBDE toxicology is outside the goal of this article (see Darnerud et al 2001;de Wit, 2002;Hardy, 2002;Gill et al 2004;Birnbaum and Staskal, 2004;McDonald, 2002;WDEH, 2006). PBDEs have low acute toxicity, with oral LD50s of >5 g/kg.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Pbdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, in subchronic toxicity studies in rat, NOEL (no-observed-effect-level) values are usually in the g/kg/day range for decaBDE, but less than 10 mg/kg/day for pentaBDE ). PBDEs are not genotoxic (Hardy, 2002;Evandri et al 2003), but an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and of thyroid adenomas have been observed in rodents upon exposure to BDE-209 (NTP, 1986;Darnerud et al 2001). Reproductive toxicity has also been reported.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Pbdesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

2007

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“…Furthermore, debromination of BDE209 by juvenile carp following dietary exposure was also observed, and several hexa-through octa-BDE metabolites were found to be more bioavailable than BDE209 itself [24]. In addition to debrominated diphenyl ether metabolites, methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) were also regarded as the BDE metabolites in organisms [25][26][27][28]. However, the majority of those studies attributed the MeOBDEs in biota samples to naturally biogenetic processes in marine sponges and algae [29], while very limited studies about MeO-BDEs metabolites of PBDEs were available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicokinetics and the related metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

Feng

Zha

et al. 2010

Sci. China Chem.

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Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) is poorly absorbed by mammals, and little information is available on the toxicokinetics of BDE209 and its metabolites in fish. In the present study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were administered to 100 ng/g and 500 ng/g body wet weight of BDE209 via a single intraperitoneal injection and parent BDE209 and its metabolites were sequentially monitored for 28 days. The results showed that toxicokinetic profiles of BDE209 could be described by the one-compartment model. In the higher dose group (500 ng/g wet weight), the calculated half-life (t 1/2 ) and elimination rate (k e ) were 17.7 d and 0.039/d in the liver, and 100.3 d and 0.007/d in the muscle, respectively. Three major methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs) were detected with 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromo-5-methoxydiphenyl ether (5-MeO-BDE47) being detected in all tissue samples. There was no significant temporal change of 5-MeO-BDE47 concentration in the muscle, whereas an exponential increase was observed in the liver. Therefore, the metabolism rate of BDE209 depended on the administered dose. BDE209 was hardly accumulated in the muscle of rainbow trout, while the liver was a primary metabolic organ. MeO-BDEs were formed via metabolism of BDE209, which probably played a significant role in fish toxicology as a potential indicator.decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs), toxicokinetics, rainbow trout

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The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants

Cited by 119 publications

References 28 publications

Debrominated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

Debrominated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

Toxicokinetics and the related metabolites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether

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