The toxicological challenges in the European research project DRUID

Pil, Kristof; Raes, Elke; Verstraete, Alain

doi:10.1016/j.fsisup.2009.08.001

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In some cross-sectional studies of drug use, participants were asked to provide a blood sample, and those who objected were asked to provide a sample of oral fluid [2,3]. In those studies, analytical results from blood and oral fluid samples were used to calculate the overall prevalence of drug use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, that may be difficult. In some studies, for example the Immortal [4] and DRUID [3] studies of alcohol, drugs and traffic accidents, samples of blood were collected from cases and oral fluid from controls. Equivalent cutoff thresholds must also be used in that type of studies to compare prevalence among cases and controls and to obtain sound estimations of odds ratio for involvement in traffic accidents after having used different types of drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression: A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine

Gjerde

Verstraete

2011

Forensic Science International

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Aim: To validate a method for determining equivalent drug cutoff concentrations for tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine in blood and oral fluid, which ensures that the drug prevalence in samples of blood and oral fluid taken simultaneously is equal. Methods: A method using regression analysis of drug concentrations for defined percentiles in blood and oral fluid was developed. The accuracy and precision of this technique was investigated. As study populations, 311 cannabis users and 197 amphetamine users from the Rosita--2 Project were used. Results: A total of 80 paired oral fluid and blood concentrations were needed to determine accurate regression formulae. When using the formulae to calculate drug cutoff concentrations in oral fluid corresponding to 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 ng/ml tetrahydrocannabinol in blood and 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml amphetamine in blood, the accuracy was better than 100±20% compared to actual prevalence in blood with precision better than ±20%. Conclusion: Prevalence regression may be a useful tool in estimating equivalent cutoff concentrations in blood and oral fluid. Methods: A method using regression analysis of drug concentrations for defined percentiles in blood and oral fluid was developed. The accuracy and precision of this technique was investigated. As study populations, 311 cannabis users and 197 amphetamine users from the Rosita-2 Project were used.Results: A total of 80 paired oral fluid and blood concentrations were needed to determine accurate regression formulae. When using the formulae to calculate drug cutoff concentrations in oral fluid corresponding to 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 ng/ml tetrahydrocannabinol in blood and 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml amphetamine in blood, the accuracy was better than 100±20% compared to actual prevalence in blood with precision better than ±20%.Conclusion: Prevalence regression may be a useful tool in estimating equivalent cutoff concentrations in blood and oral fluid.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression: A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine

Gjerde

Verstraete

2011

Forensic Science International

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“…of our sample. Perhaps driving should be forbidden when prescription drug blood concentrations exceed specific levels; for example, the literature recommends a blood concentration cut-off of 20-ng/mL diazepam (Pil et al, 2009). We detected cold medications (e.g., chlorpheniramine, pseudoephedrine, acetaminophen, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The prevalence of drugs in motor vehicle accidents and traffic violations in Shanghai and neighboring cities

Zhuo

Cang

Yan

et al. 2010

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…This project was set up to investigate the influence of psychoactive substances -drugs, alcohol and medicines -on traffic safety. Within the work package 'enforcement', several on-site oral fluid tests, among which the Varian Oralab, are evaluated, from an operational and analytical perspective [8].…”

Section: Spectrometry (Uplc-ms/ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical evaluation of a rapid on-site oral fluid drug test

et al. 2010

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There is a need for a reliable rapid on-site oral fluid test that can be used in police controls to detect impaired drivers. We evaluated the Varian OralabA (R) 6 and collected two oral fluid samples from 250 subjects, one with the Varian OralabA (R) 6 and one with the StatSure (TM) SalivaaEuro cent Sampler (TM). The OralabA (R) 6 can detect six drug types: amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and phencyclidine (PCP). On-site results were obtained within 10 to 15 min. The sample collected with StatSure (TM) was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction and these results were used as a reference to determine prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity. Two cut-off values were used in the evaluation. The Varian cut-off values were: amphetamine 50 ng/mL, cocaine 20 ng/mL, opiates 40 ng/mL, and THC 50 ng/mL. The DRUID cut-offs were: amphetamine 25 ng/mL, cocaine 20 ng/mL, opiates 20 ng/mL, and THC 1 ng/mL. Applying the first cut-offs, prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity were: amphetamine 10%, 76%, 100%; cocaine 23%, 34%, 100%; opiates 38%, 83%, 94%; and THC 18%, 41%, 99%. The DRUID cut-off values gave the following results: amphetamine 14%, 56%, 100%; cocaine 28%, 34%, 100%; opiates 49%, 68%, 98%, and THC 45%, 16%, 99%. The specificity of the OralabA (R) 6 is generally good. For both cut-offs, sensitivity was low for cocaine and THC. Therefore, the Varian OralabA (R) 6 test is not sensitive enough to be applied during roadside police controls

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The toxicological challenges in the European research project DRUID

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression: A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine

Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression: A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine

The prevalence of drugs in motor vehicle accidents and traffic violations in Shanghai and neighboring cities

Analytical evaluation of a rapid on-site oral fluid drug test

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