The Toxicokinetic Behavior of Chlorobenzenes in Earthworm (Eisenia Andrei) Experiments in Soil

Belfroid, A.C.; Sikkenk, Marieke; Seinen, Willem; Gestel, Kees van; Hermens, Joop L. M.

doi:10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[93:ttboci]2.0.co;2

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…These data and those shown in Figure 2 indicate that passive diffusion across the earthworm integument may be the predominant mechanism of RDX uptake from interstitial water at 80 mg/kg or lower soil RDX concentrations. The possible contribution of other xenobiotic uptake mechanisms (e.g., absorption and diffusion in the gut following soil ingestion) [23,24,43] could contribute at higher soil RDX concentrations. Further studies would be required to elucidate these mechanisms.…”

Section: Uptake Of Rdx By the Earthworms Exposed In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This theory stipulates that the bioavailability of an organic compound having a log K OW < 5 for uptake by a soil organism is determined by the fraction dissolved in the interstitial water [23]. Moreover, according to the EqP theory, dermal absorption of an organic chemical into the earthworm can be derived from the concentration in the interstitial water using the bioconcentration factor (BCF; Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Savard

Sarrazin

Dodard

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The uptake of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) from soil by the earthworm Eisenia andrei was examined by using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory and a three‐compartment model including soil (S), interstitial water (IW), and earthworms (E). The RDX concentrations were measured using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Method 8330A and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The S‐IW studies were conducted using four natural soils with contrasting physicochemical properties that were hypothesized to affect the bioavailability of RDX. Each soil was amended with nominal RDX concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 mg/kg. The HPLC analysis showed that the IW extracted from soil was saturated with RDX at 80 mg/kg or greater soil concentrations. The calculated S‐IW coefficient (Kp) values for RDX ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 ml/g soil, depending on the soil type, and were influenced by the organic matter content. In the IW‐E studies, earthworms were exposed to nonlethal RDX concentrations in aqueous media. The uptake of RDX by the earthworms correlated well (r2 = 0.99) with the dissolved RDX concentrations. For the E‐S studies, earthworms were exposed to RDX‐amended soils used in the S‐IW studies. The bioconcentration factors (BCF; ratios of E‐to‐IW RDX concentrations) were relatively constant (∼5) up to 80 mg/kg soil RDX concentrations, which encompass the RDX saturation limit in the interstitial water of the tested soils. At this concentration range, the RDX uptake from interstitial water was likely dominated by passive diffusion and could be used as an indicator of bioavailability. Other mechanisms may be involved at greater RDX soil concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:998–1005. © 2009 SETAC

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Section: Uptake Of Rdx By the Earthworms Exposed In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Savard

Sarrazin

Dodard

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Consequently, although conservative values are obtained, use of U.S. EPA Method 8330A can result in overestimation of the amount of explosive available to an exposed organism because the bioavailability of an organic compound having an octanol-water partition coefficient (log K ow ) of <5 (1.6 for TNT and 0.90 for RDX; Monteil-Rivera et al, 2009) for uptake by a soil organism is primarily determined by the fraction dissolved in the soil interstitial water (Belfroid et al, 1994(Belfroid et al, , 1996Savard et al, 2010). Therefore, in addition to ACN extraction, the water-soluble fraction of TNT was extracted from soil using an ATCLP (Haley et al, 1993).…”

Section: 7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Simini¹,

Checkai²,

Phillips³

et al. 2013

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)XX-07-2013 REPORT TYPE AUTHOR(S)Simini, Michael; Checkai, Ronald T.; Kuperman, Roman G.; Phillips, Carlton T.; Kolakowski, Jan E.; and Kurnas, Carl W. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Director, ECBC, ATTN: RDCB-DRT-E, APG, MD 21010-5424 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER ECBC-TR-1091 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 17D08, Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SERDP SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT-LIMIT 200 WORDSThis study was designed to produce scientifically defensible benchmark data for the development of ecological-based soil screening levels for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) for terrestrial plants. The physical and chemical properties of different soils may alter the bioavailability and toxicity of TNT and RDX to plant species. We investigated individual ecotoxicities of TNT and RDX to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Japanese millet (J. millet; Echinochloa crus-galli L. [Beauv.]), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in five natural soils that varied in pH, organic matter, and clay contents. On the basis of EC 50 values (the TNT or RDX concentrations that produce 50% reductions in selected measurement endpoints) and 95% confidence intervals for shoot fresh and dry masses (SDM), TNT weathered-and-aged (W-A) in soils significantly reduced (p < 0.05) growth of alfalfa, J. millet, and perennial ryegrass. RDX W-A in soil was moderately inhibitory to growth of J. millet and perennial ryegrass in all five soils but did not affect growth of alfalfa. No statistically significant correlations between TNT toxicity and these soil properties were identified; however, statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse relationships were identified between the RDX EC 50 values for perennial ryegrass SDM and soil clay content and pH.

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“…After a given time interval the earthworms were removed, rinsed with water, and placed in wet filter paper for 24 h to allow the gut to empty. A 24-h period of depuration was chosen because this was sufficiently long for all soils to be eliminated from the worms (Belfroid et al, 1994). Then the earthworms were rinsed with water again and stored at À20 1C for analysis.…”

Section: Uptake Of Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificially contaminated soils

Wen

Zhang

et al. 2005

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Bioavailability of phthalate congeners, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dioctyl phthalate, to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied when earthworms were exposed to two artificially contaminated agricultural and forest soils. Only DBP and DEHP were detected in earthworms. The uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP in earthworms was fast within the initial 10 days followed by a nearly steady state for the subsequent 20 days. An equilibrium partitioning model could be used to describe the uptake kinetics of DBP and DEHP by earthworm in two types of soils (r ¼ 0:70920:864). The average biota-to-soil accumulation factors (BSAFs) of DBP and DEHP at 5 mg kg À1 in soil were 0.2770.07 and 0.1770.03, respectively, in agricultural soil, while the BSAFs were 0.2170.06 and 0.0770.02, respectively, in forest soil. The concentrations of phthalates in earthworms increased with increasing concentrations of phthalates in soil. There was a significant correlation between log C soil and log C worm , with r ¼ 0:99920:993, demonstrating a single linear partitioning of phthalates between soil and earthworms. The bioavailability of DBP and DEHP was assessed by Soxhlet, methanol, and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods. Our results indicated that the extractable amounts of freshly added DBP and DEHP in soils by these extraction methods were significantly correlated with those in earthworms. It was observed that the extractable DBP and DEHP by the methanol and methanol-water (1:1) extraction methods decreased with their increasing residence time in soil. In contrast, the amount extracted by the Soxhlet extraction method did not show a similar decline. Therefore, Soxhlet extraction was a poor indicator of the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP to earthworms in soil, which could lead to overestimation of the risk of soilassociated DBP and DEHP. The extractable DBP and DEHP by methanol and methanol-water (1:1) significantly decreased over 440 days. Compared with the methanol-water (1:1) extraction method, the methanol extraction method was preferred for its ability to predict the bioavailability of DBP and DEHP in aged soils. r

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The Toxicokinetic Behavior of Chlorobenzenes in Earthworm (Eisenia Andrei) Experiments in Soil

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Bioavailability of phthalate congeners to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificially contaminated soils

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