The toxicity of five insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group, using an artificial soil test

Mostert, Magdel A; Schoeman, A. S.; Merwe, M. van der

doi:10.1002/1526-4998(200012)56:12<1093::aid-ps259>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…To name some of them, sperm deformities in E. fetida were detected after 10 days of exposure to 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg −1 DW (artificial soil), reduced cast production rates in L. terrestris and A. caliginosa have been recorded after 7 days of exposure to 0.66 mg kg −1 DW (soil identical to our test soil) and reduced burrowing activities were found for Allolobophora icterica and Aporrectodea nocturna after 6 days of exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg kg −1 DW imidacloprid (soil identical to our test soil) (Capowiez and Bérard 2006;Dittbrenner et al 2010;Luo et al 1999 (Capowiez et al 2005;Dittbrenner et al 2010;Gomez-Eyles et al 2009;Mostert et al 2000). Body mass losses have been discussed as ecologically relevant, since they may affect reproduction and survival (Capowiez et al 2005;Luo et al 1999;Olvera-Velona et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Since the PEC of the insecticide imidacloprid is between 0.33-0.66 mg kg −1 DW soil (depending on crop and country under consideration) (Mostert et al 2000;Oi 1999) and since imidacloprid is frequently used in agriculture and can have a half-life in soil of greater than 1 year (Sabbagh et al 2002), the sub-lethal effects detected in this study may be of great environmental concern. Moreover, the results obtained in our study indicate that there are species-specific differences in sensitivity after imidacloprid exposure, depending on the respective biomarker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…37894) and was dissolved in distilled water to different concentrations used in this study. The predictive environmental concentration (PEC) of imidacloprid was found to be in the range of 0.33-0.66 mg kg −1 DW depending on the country and crop under consideration (Mostert et al 2000;Oi 1999). We have therefore defined the normal application rate (1×) to be 0.66 mg kg −1 DW.…”

Section: Test Soil and Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of Eisenia fetida in comparison to Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris after imidacloprid exposure. Body mass change and histopathology

Dittbrenner

Schmitt²,

Capowiez³

et al. 2011

J Soils Sediments

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Test Soil and Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sensitivity of Eisenia fetida in comparison to Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris after imidacloprid exposure. Body mass change and histopathology

Dittbrenner

Schmitt²,

Capowiez³

et al. 2011

J Soils Sediments

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“…37894) and was dissolved in deionised water to different concentrations used in this study. The predictive environmental concentration (PEC) of imidacloprid was found to be in the range of 0.33-0.66 mg kg −1 soil dry weight (DW) depending on the country and crop under consideration (Mostert et al 2000;Oi 1999). We therefore have defined the normal application rate (1×) to be 0.66 mg kg −1 DW corresponding to a field application rate of 247.5 g ha −1 .…”

Section: Test Soil and Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress protein response (Hsp70) and avoidance behaviour in Eisenia fetida, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris when exposed to imidacloprid

Dittbrenner

Capowiez²,

Köhler³

et al. 2011

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose The earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei are commonly used in ecotoxicological standard tests. In the present study, we compared the sensitivity of E. fetida with that of two soil-dwelling earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) in order to evaluate the capacity of E. fetida to predict effects of the insecticide imidacloprid. Responses were compared using two endpoints, a biochemical (changes in heat shock protein level (hsp70)) and a behavioural (avoidance behaviour). Materials and methods For the hsp70 analysis, the earthworms were exposed for 1, 7 and 14 days and the avoidance tests were conducted using a 48-h incubation time. The tested imidacloprid concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 4 mg kg −1 soil dry weight (DW). Results and discussion E. fetida showed significant avoidance behaviour towards all test concentrations (0.2, 0.66 and 2 mg kg −1 DW), while L. terrestris and A. caliginosa did not avoid imidacloprid-contaminated soil. Significant changes in hsp70 level in E. fetida occurred at the lowest concentration (0.2 mg kg −1 DW and 14 days), while no effects were observed until exposure to 2 (A. caliginosa; after 1, 7 and 14 days) and 4 mg kg −1 DW (L. terrestris; after 14 days). The present study revealed species-specific differences in sensitivity with E. fetida being the most sensitive species and L. terrestris the least sensitive. Moreover, some of the observed effects were detected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Conclusions Our study indicated different sensitivities between closely related species highlighting the importance of using a multiple selection of species in ecotoxicology to predict harmful environmental effects more accurately and minimise underestimations. In the case of testing only one species or one trophic level, a further increase of safety factors is advisable. Moreover, it can be concluded that hsp70 was not a good indicator of imidacloprid toxicity given the low induction for the selected test species. The results of the present study highlight the species dependency of the avoidance test in case of imidacloprid.

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“…Then soil spiking (for both, pesticide exposure groups and control groups) was conducted according to the protocol of Capowiez et al (2005) by adding 40 ml of water or solution containing the adapted pesticide concentration, reaching a final soil water content of 25% (of dry soil weight). The predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of imidacloprid was found to be in the range of 0.33-0.66 mg kg -1 dry soil depending on the country and crop under consideration (Oi 1999;Mostert et al 2000). We have defined the normal application rate (19) as to be 0.66 mg kg -1 dry soil corresponding to a field application rate of 244 g ha -1 .…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and behavioural effects of imidacloprid on two ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa)

et al. 2010

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Earthworms play key roles in soils and sub-lethal effects of environmental toxicants on these organisms should be taken seriously, since they might have detrimental effects on higher ecological levels. In laboratory experiments we have assessed sub-lethal effects (body mass change and cast production) of imidacloprid on two earthworm species commonly found in different agricultural soils (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa). After 7 days of exposure in contaminated soil, a significant loss of body mass was found in both species exposed to imidacloprid concentrations as low as 0.66 mg kg(-1) dry soil. These losses ranged from 18.3 to 39% for A. caliginosa and from 7.4 to 32.4% for L. terrestris, respectively. Changes in cast production, a new biomarker previously validated using L. terrestris, was assessed by soil sieving using the recommended mesh size (5.6 mm) for L. terrestris and three different mesh sizes for A. caliginosa (5.6, 4 and 3.15 mm). The 4 mm mesh size proved to be the most suitable sieve size for A. caliginosa. Cast production increased by 26.2% in A. caliginosa and by 28.1% in L. terrestris at the lowest imidacloprid concentration tested (0.2 mg kg(-1) dry soil), but significantly decreased at higher concentrations (equal to and above 0.66 mg kg(-1) dry soil) in both earthworm species after the 7 days exposure experiment. These decreases in cast production ranged from 44.5 to 96.9% in A. caliginosa and from 42.4 to 95.7% in L. terrestris. The EC(50) for cast production were 0.84 (L. terrestris) and 0.76 mg kg(-1) dry soil (A. caliginosa), respectively. The detected sub-lethal effects were found close to the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of imidacloprid, which is in the range of 0.33-0.66 mg kg(-1) dry soil. The biomarkers used in the present study, body mass change and changes in cast production, may be of ecological relevance and have shown high sensitivity for imidacloprid exposure of earthworms. The measurement of changes in cast production should be considered for inclusion in current standard tests.

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The toxicity of five insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group, using an artificial soil test

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Sensitivity of Eisenia fetida in comparison to Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris after imidacloprid exposure. Body mass change and histopathology

Sensitivity of Eisenia fetida in comparison to Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris after imidacloprid exposure. Body mass change and histopathology

Stress protein response (Hsp70) and avoidance behaviour in Eisenia fetida, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris when exposed to imidacloprid

Physiological and behavioural effects of imidacloprid on two ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa)

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