The toxic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the terrestrial slug Lehmannia nyctelia (Gastropoda-Limacidae)

Abstract

Background Chemicals have deleterious effect on the environment. The wide use of nanomaterials as products for plant protection, fertilizers, and also in water purification leads to the release of these materials to the environment. Terrestrial gastropods including snails and slugs have the ability to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies. The present study evaluates the toxic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the terrestrial slug Lehmannia nyctelia. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by thermal decomposition method. ZnO NPs are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV). Slugs were treated with three different concentrations of ZnO NPs. Results A total of three animals died by the end of the experiment. Many histological alterations were detected after exposure to different concentration of ZnO NPs. Conclusions The obtained histological alterations prove the toxic effect of ZnO NPs on the animal under study.

Bioaccumulation but no biomagnification of silver sulfide nanoparticles in freshwater snails and planarians

“…Ag ions taken up by water and/or transdermal could have been internalized more easily than Ag 2 S NPs, since Ag ions can enter cells via ion transport channels (e.g., proton-coupled Na + channels) while Ag particles may be too large (Khan et al, 2015). Uptake of metals bound to particulate material has been suggested to mainly occur in the digestive gland of molluscs (Kuehr et al, 2021;Marigómez et al, 2002;Mohammad et al, 2021), which was the major target tissue for Ag accumulation in freshwater snails (Bao et al, 2018). Once contaminated food reached the digestive gland, different processes may occur, such as endocytosis or phagocytosis in digestive cells, potentially leading to different elimination of ionic and nanoparticulate Ag.…”

Molluscicidal, histopathological and genotoxic effects of Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina platensis extracts and their biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

“…alexandrina snails, where degeneration of secretory cells was obvious. Additionally, Mohammad et al (2021) demonstrated histopathological alterations in the digestive gland of the gastropod slug; Lehmannia nyctelia exposed to ZnO nanoparticles for 10 days, as vacuolation, shrinkage and rupture of cells took place. It was claimed that when nanoparticles are ingested by an organism, they may get stuck in the digestive tract and not absorbed, yet induce a series of physiological changes that harm the organism, such as a decrease in the absorption of nutrients (Bour et al, 2015).…”

“…Furthermore, the gonads of L. nyctelia slug were negatively affected after treatment with ZnO nanoparticles. These effects include disruption of oocytes, aggregation of early gametogenic stages and emptiness of acini (Mohammad et al, 2021). that ZnONPs possibly have the potential to damage DNA.…”

Combined Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Bacteria on Osmolytes and Antioxidative Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plant Grown in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water

“…release amino cyclopropane (1-carboxylic acid (ACC)) deaminase and bioactive metabolites (surfactant and lipopeptides) that covered the seed toxicity [33]. Furthermore, Zn +2 ions are essential for bacterial enzymes (dehydrogenase, thiol peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) that enhanced the growth by uptake of nutrient reserves and metabolic and antioxidative activities [34]. Zinc ions also increased the cell stability by the nutrition uptake, water molecules, and translocation in plant tissues and enhanced the resistance level of plant against toxicity [35].…”