The toxic effect of silver ions and silver nanoparticles towards bacteria and human cells occurs in the same concentration range

Greulich, C.; Braun, Dieter; Peetsch, Alexander; Diendorf, Jörg; Siebers, Bettina; Epple, Matthias; Köller, Manfred

doi:10.1039/c2ra20684f

Cited by 331 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Insoluble silver species, eg, silver sulfide, were not considered because their contribution to the toxicity is negligible (except for argyria). For ionic silver and nanosilver similar adverse effect levels have been reported in vitro [72][73][74][75] and in vivo. 50,76 Therefore, ionic silver and nanosilver organ levels can be compared to the same no observed effect level, which is indicated by the grey-shaded area in Figure 8.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…As discussed above, this approach was based on reports of similar adverse effects after exposure to the same amount of ionic silver or nanosilver. 50,73,75,76 However, the advantage of our PBPK models is that new evidence on the impact of, for example, size and surface composition on the toxic response of an organ can easily be incorporated submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles

Bachler

Goetz

Konrad³

2013

IJN

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Silver is a strong antibiotic that is increasingly incorporated into consumer products as a bulk, salt, or nanosilver, thus potentially causing side-effects related to human exposure. However, the fate and behavior of (nano)silver in the human body is presently not well understood. In order to aggregate the existing experimental information, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) was developed in this study for ionic silver and nanosilver. The structure of the model was established on the basis of toxicokinetic data from intravenous studies. The number of calibrated parameters was minimized in order to enhance the predictive capability of the model. We validated the model structure for both silver forms by reproducing exposure conditions (dermal, oral, and inhalation) of in vivo experiments and comparing simulated and experimentally assessed organ concentrations. Therefore, the percutaneous, intestinal, or pulmonary absorption fraction was estimated based on the blood silver concentration of the respective experimental data set. In all of the cases examined, the model could successfully predict the biodistribution of ionic silver and 15-150 nm silver nanoparticles, which were not coated with substances designed to prolong the circulatory time (eg, polyethylene glycol). Furthermore, the results of our model indicate that: (1) within the application domain of our model, the particle size and coating had a minor influence on the biodistribution; (2) in vivo, it is more likely that silver nanoparticles are directly stored as insoluble salt particles than dissolve into Ag + ; and (3) compartments of the mononuclear phagocytic system play a minor role in exposure levels that are relevant for human consumers. We also give an example of how the model can be used in exposure and risk assessments based on five different exposure scenarios, namely dietary intake, use of three separate consumer products, and occupational exposure.

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Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles

Bachler

Goetz

Konrad³

2013

IJN

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“…Otherwise Greulich et al reported that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of silver against Staphylococcus aureus is in the range 2.5-5 mg/L (depending on the inoculated cell number of bacteria). 28,29 Thus, the silver amount released by the three materials tested in this study is in the bactericidal range.…”

Section: Percutaneous Penetration Of Silvermentioning

confidence: 97%

In vitro percutaneous penetration and characterization of silver from silver-containing textiles

Bianco

Kežić

Crosera

et al. 2015

IJN

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The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro percutaneous penetration of silver and characterize the silver species released from textiles in different layers of full thickness human skin. For this purpose, two different wound dressings and a garment soaked in artificial sweat were placed in the donor compartments of Franz cells for 24 hours. The concentration of silver in the donor phase and in the skin was determined by an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer (ET-AAS) and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The characterization of silver species in the textiles and in the skin layers was made by scanning electron microscopy with integrated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, the size distribution of silver nanoparticles in the textiles was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). On the surface of all investigated materials, silver nanoparticles of different size and morphology were found. Released silver concentrations in the soaking solutions (ie, exposure concentration) ranged from 0.7 to 4.7 µg/mL (0.6–4.0 µg/cm2), fitting the bactericidal range. Silver and silver chloride aggregates at sizes of up to 1 µm were identified both in the epidermis and dermis. The large size of these particles suggests that the aggregation occurred in the skin. The formation of these aggregates likely slowed down the systemic absorption of silver. Conversely, these aggregates may form a reservoir enabling prolonged release of silver ions, which might lead to local effects

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“…Therefore, it was expected that SNPs would be used in a broad range of applications. 12 Many studies regarding SNPs have been published, [13][14][15][16][17][18] although there has been little discussion on their application in oral implantology. 19 Most of the published works lack in comprehensive evaluation of the properties of the described materials, such as roughness, 15,17,20 wettability, 15,17,21,22 or biocompatibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro studies of nanosilver-doped titanium implants for oral and maxillofacial surgery

Pokrowiecki¹,

Zaręba²,

Szaraniec³

et al. 2017

IJN

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The addition of an antibacterial agent to dental implants may provide the opportunity to decrease the percentage of implant failures due to peri-implantitis. For this purpose, in this study, the potential efficacy of nanosilver-doped titanium biomaterials was determined. Titanium disks were incorporated with silver nanoparticles over different time periods by Tollens reaction, which is considered to be an eco-friendly, cheap, and easy-to-perform method. The surface roughness, wettability, and silver release profile of each disc were measured. In addition, the antibacterial activity was also evaluated by using disk diffusion tests for bacteria frequently isolated from the peri-implant biofilm: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli . Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro in a natural human osteoblasts cell culture. The addition of nanosilver significantly increased the surface roughness and decreased the wettability in a dose-dependent manner. These surfaces were significantly toxic to all the tested bacteria following a 48-hour exposure, regardless of silver doping duration. A concentration of 0.05 ppm was sufficient to inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, with the latter being significantly more susceptible to silver ions. However, after the exposure of human osteoblasts to 0.1 ppm of silver ions, a significant decrease in cell viability was observed by using ToxiLight™ BioAssay Kit after 72 hours. Data from the present study indicated that the incorporation of nanosilver may influence the surface properties that are important in the implant healing process. The presence of nanosilver on the titanium provides an antibacterial activity related to the bacteria involved in peri-implantitis. Finally, the potential toxicological considerations of nanosilver should further be investigated, as both the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties may be observed at similar concentration ranges.

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The toxic effect of silver ions and silver nanoparticles towards bacteria and human cells occurs in the same concentration range

Cited by 331 publications

References 46 publications

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles

In vitro percutaneous penetration and characterization of silver from silver-containing textiles

In vitro studies of nanosilver-doped titanium implants for oral and maxillofacial surgery

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