The TOR–EIN2 axis mediates nuclear signalling to modulate plant growth

Fu, Liwen; Liu, Yanlin; Qin, Guochen; Wu, Ping; Zi, Hailing; Xu, Zhongtian; Zhao, Xiaolei; Wang, Yue; Li, Yaxing; Yang, Shuhui; Peng, Chao; Wong, Catherine C. L.; Yoo, Sang-Dong; Zuo, Zecheng; Liu, Renyi; Cho, Young-Hee; Xiong, Yan

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03310-y

Cited by 89 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The participation of a newly translated protein (e.g., a splicing regulator) that can move to the nucleus could be the missing piece in the communication between different organelles, a crucial and elusive component of retrograde signaling mechanisms ( Figure 3E ). However, other mechanisms connecting TOR activity with nuclear decisions in response to sugar were recently reported ( Fu et al, 2021 ). Further research is needed to shed more light on the underlying processes linking TOR kinase activity with splicing decisions and its outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light regulates alternative splicing outcomes via the TOR kinase pathway

et al. 2021

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light regulates alternative splicing outcomes via the TOR kinase pathway

et al. 2021

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“…In addition, TOR directly phosphorylates and stabilizes PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2), an auxin efflux carrier, thereby influencing the gradient distribution of PIN2 to promote cell expansion in roots [ 125 ]. Moreover, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), a central integrator in ethylene signaling, is a direct substrate of TOR [ 126 ] ( Figure 2 ). TOR-mediated EIN2 phosphorylation prevents its nuclear shuttling, thereby inhibiting EIN2-mediated negative regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation [ 126 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Snrk2—tor Signaling Module Balances Growth and Stress Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), a central integrator in ethylene signaling, is a direct substrate of TOR [ 126 ] ( Figure 2 ). TOR-mediated EIN2 phosphorylation prevents its nuclear shuttling, thereby inhibiting EIN2-mediated negative regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation [ 126 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Snrk2—tor Signaling Module Balances Growth and Stress Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Promotion or Osmotic Stress Response: How SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Kinases Are Activated and Manage Intracellular Signaling in Plants

Kamiyama

Katagiri

Umezawa

2021

Plants

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Reversible phosphorylation is a major mechanism for regulating protein function and controls a wide range of cellular functions including responses to external stimuli. The plant-specific SNF1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) function as central regulators of plant growth and development, as well as tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Although the activity of SnRK2s is tightly regulated in a phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner, recent investigations have revealed that SnRK2s can be activated by group B Raf-like protein kinases independently of ABA. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that SnRK2s modulate plant growth through regulation of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. Here, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of how SnRK2s mediate plant growth and osmotic stress signaling and discuss future challenges in this research field.

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“…Meanwhile, the EIN3/EIL1-dependent ethylene responses were stimulated by endoplasmic reticulum-nucleus translocation (Qiao et al, 2012). Most recently, the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase has been reported to accurately regulate the phosphorylation of EIN2, and EIN2 protein plays an important role in regulating nutrient metabolism in plants under different nutrient levels and stress (Fu et al, 2021). In our research, the EIN2 (HORVU5Hr1G050330.2) was downregulated in the P6/CK at Ser269, but was upregulated in the R6/CK at Ser462.…”

Section: Phosphoproteins Involved In Phytohormone Signaling Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Profiling of Phosphorylation Reveals the Barley Roots Response to Phosphorus Starvation and Resupply

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major threat to the crop production, and for understanding the response mechanism of plant roots, P stress may facilitate the development of crops with increased tolerance. Phosphorylation plays a critical role in the regulation of proteins for plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress; however, its functions in P starvation/resupply are largely unknown for barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth. Here, we performed a global review of phosphorylation in barley roots treated by P starvation/resupply. We identified 7,710 phosphorylation sites on 3,373 proteins, of which 76 types of conserved motifs were extracted from 10,428 phosphorylated peptides. Most phosphorylated proteins were located in the nucleus (36%) and chloroplast (32%). Compared with the control, 186 and 131 phosphorylated proteins under P starvation condition and 156 and 111 phosphorylated proteins under P resupply condition showed significant differences at 6 and 48 h, respectively. These proteins mainly participated in carbohydrate metabolism, phytohormones, signal transduction, cell wall stress, and oxidases stress. Moreover, the pathways of the ribosome, RNA binding, protein transport, and metal binding were significantly enriched under P starvation, and only two pathways of ribosome and RNA binding were greatly enriched under Pi resupply according to the protein–protein interaction analysis. The results suggested that the phosphorylation proteins might play important roles in the metabolic processes of barley roots in response to Pi deficiency/resupply. The data not only provide unique access to phosphorylation reprogramming of plant roots under deficiency/resupply but also demonstrate the close cooperation between these phosphorylation proteins and key metabolic functions.

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The TOR–EIN2 axis mediates nuclear signalling to modulate plant growth

Cited by 89 publications

References 48 publications

Light regulates alternative splicing outcomes via the TOR kinase pathway

Light regulates alternative splicing outcomes via the TOR kinase pathway

Growth Promotion or Osmotic Stress Response: How SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Kinases Are Activated and Manage Intracellular Signaling in Plants

Global Profiling of Phosphorylation Reveals the Barley Roots Response to Phosphorus Starvation and Resupply

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