The Tongues of Italy

Pulgram, Ernst

doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674435094

Cited by 78 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…That is why, in this study, sources which are thought to contain features of colloquial language were most useful, instead of, for example, tragedies, such as Seneca's, written in a higher register. However, while the use of positive response strategies in Latin can only be determined by studying texts which contain dialogue imitating colloquial language, this study should not be understood as trying to discover how Romans said yes in the Latin of the street—the answer to that question can amount to no more than speculation (see Pulgram 1958: 321).…”

Section: Sources and Remarks On Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Saying Yes without Yes: The Positive Response System in Latin

Potočnik

2023

Trans of the Philol Soc

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The article studies a set of three positive response strategies in Latin: the echo response and the positive response particles ita and sic. It aims to determine their functions and division of labour and to establish what kind of agreement strategy existed in Latin, based on the typology of positive response systems by Sadock and Zwicky (1985). The main data for the study are drawn from the comedies of Plautus and Terence. Based on their position in an utterance, an attempt is made to determine whether the occurrences of ita and sic can be considered positive response particles, comparable to modern positive response particles, such as yes. By comparing the antecedents which trigger the response strategies studied here, it is shown that they are not interchangeable and that the echo response is the default positive response strategy, while ita and sic have a limited use, at least in the Latin of Plautus and Terence. The dynamic‐diachronic section shows that both the echo and non‐echo responses originate in the so‐called sentence answer.

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Section: Sources and Remarks On Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Saying Yes without Yes: The Positive Response System in Latin

Potočnik

2023

Trans of the Philol Soc

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“…By the beginning of the classical period, perhaps even earlier, Indo-European languages were distributed over the entire continent, except for a few marginal areas. Residual pockets of non-Indo-European languages (e.g., Aquitani, Basque, Etruscan, Iberian, Lingurian, Tartesian, and Pictish; Sicel, Rhaetic, Messapic, and East Italic) attest to the presence of non-colonized peoples in prehistoric Europe (see Pulgram 1958;Jackson 1955;Krahe 1936;Meillet 1964). Much of the Iberian peninsula, parts of Italy, southern France, the Mediterranean islands, the Atlantic coast, and some parts of Britain were apparently inhabited by non-Indo-European speakers during most of the colonizing period.…”

Section: The Indo-europeans: Archaeological Theories and Constructsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manhood, Femaleness, and Power: A Cultural Analysis of Prehistoric Images of Reproduction

Linke

1992

Comp Stud Soc Hist

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Ideologies of reproduction are social facts, collective representations, of the dramatic ways in which human beings construct and appropriate gender for the imaging of social reality. Such symbolic universes are often centered on the body (Foucault 1980;Martin 1989;Turner 1984;Douglas 1973). As a template of cultural signification, the body becomes a model through which the social order can be apprehended. For instance, gender hierarchies are sometimes envisioned by means of an anatomical or physiological paradigm (Needham 1973;Hugh-Jones 1979;Theweleit 1987). However, the operation of societal power is generally focused on women's bodies and bodily processes. Women, according to a widespread (and controversial) paradigm, are grounded in nature by virtue of the dictates of their bodies: menstruation, pregnancy, birth (Levi-Strauss 1966Ortner 1974;Ardener 1975;MacCormack and Strathern 1986).This conception of female sexuality and procreation as natural (that is, wild, untamed, raw, dangerous) seems at times to justify existing orders of power and domination. Textured in images of mastery over nature, cultural representations of gender stress the legitimacy of male authority (Bloch and Parry ). Men, as divine or sacred actors, establish symbolic monopoly over human reproductive processes by the simultaneous denigration and emulation of female sexuality. Blood is a focal metaphor in these imageries of power (Brain

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“…There are at least six non-Indo-European languages which are known to us: Etruscan, Basque (including the language of Aquitani, quoted as non-Indo-European by Caesar (Stevenson 1983)), Iberian, Ligurian, Tartesian, Pictish; plus four possibly non-Indo-European tongues: Sicel, Rhaetic, Messapic, East Italic (Pulgram 1978;1958;Jackson 1955;Krahe 1936;Meillet 1964). The area covered by these 10 languages was in all probability much larger than the isolated pockets that can be deduced today.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural transition and Indo-European dispersals

Zvelebil

1988

Antiquity

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The Tongues of Italy

Cited by 78 publications

References 0 publications

Saying Yes without Yes: The Positive Response System in Latin

Saying Yes without Yes: The Positive Response System in Latin

Manhood, Femaleness, and Power: A Cultural Analysis of Prehistoric Images of Reproduction

Agricultural transition and Indo-European dispersals

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