The Tomato Cf-2 Disease Resistance Locus Comprises Two Functional Genes Encoding Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins

Dixon, Mark S.; Jones, David A.; Keddie, James S.; Thomas, Colwyn M.; Harrison, Kate; Jones, Jonathan D. G.

doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81290-8

Cited by 548 publications

(452 citation statements)

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“…E-mail IpfluhrQ weizmann.weizmann.ac.il; fax 972-8-93441 81. present at their C terminus and may play a role in proteinprotein interactions (Kobe and Deisenhofer, 1995a). Several R genes have been shown to belong to large, clustered gene families (Jones et al, 1994;Whitham et al, 1994;Lawrence et al, 1995;Dixon et al, 1996). However, the detailed genomic distribution of these multigene families is as yet not known.…”

Section: Gions a Region Of Lrrs Of Variable Length And Content Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes.

et al. 1997

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Section: Gions a Region Of Lrrs Of Variable Length And Content Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…known LRR-containing R genes, specifically those of the Cf R genes from tomato and the Xa27 R gene of maize (Jones et al, 1994;Song et al, 1995;Dixon et al, 1996).…”

Section: S L Q F L R I V G N L S Q F Q S Q~l S S F S H L T S L P S Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes.

et al. 1997

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“…Many of the cloned plant resistance genes show sequence homology, of which the most striking property is the occurrence of leucine-rich repeats in their gene products [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The only leucine-rich protein of which the crystal structure has been determined is porcine ribonuclease inhibitor [20][21][22].…”

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confidence: 99%

The race‐specific elicitor AVR9 of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum: a cystine knot protein

Vervoort¹,

Hooven²,

Berg³

et al. 1997

FEBS Letters

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The secondary structure and global fold of the AVR9 elicitor protein of Cladosporium fulvum has been determined by 2D NMR and distance-geometry protocols. The protein consists of three anti-parallel strands forming a rigid region of P-sheet. On the basis of the NMR-derived parameters and distance geometry calculations, it is evident that the AVR9 protein is structurally very homologuous to carboxy peptidase inhibitor (CPI) of which the X-ray structure is known. The AVR9 protein reveals the presence of a cystine knot, which consists of a ring formed by two disulfide bridges and the interconnecting backbone through which the third disulfide bridge penetrates. This structural motif is found in several small proteins such as proteinase inhibitors, ion channel blockers and growth factors. The implications of the structural relationship between AVR9 and other biologically active proteins are discussed.

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“…M, the presumed homologous locus in this ancient tetraploid, has ∼86% nucleotide identity to L and comprises an array of ∼15 genes (paralogs); seven specificities are known at M . Occasionally two functional sequences encode the same specificity, as in the case of Cf2 (Dixon et al 1996). More usually only a single gene in the cluster determines resistance as shown by mutant or transgenic complementation analysis.…”

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Clusters of Resistance Genes in Plants Evolve by Divergent Selection and a Birth-and-Death Process

1998

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Classical genetic and molecular data show that genes determining disease resistance in plants are frequently clustered in the genome. Genes for resistance (R genes) to diverse pathogens cloned from several species encode proteins that have motifs in common. These motifs indicate that R genes are part of signal-transduction systems. Most of these R genes encode a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region. Sequences encoding putative solvent-exposed residues in this region are hypervariable and have elevated ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions; this suggests that they have evolved to detect variation in pathogen-derived ligands. Generation of new resistance specificities previously had been thought to involve frequent unequal crossing-over and gene conversions. However, comparisons between resistance haplotypes reveal that orthologs are more similar than paralogs implying a low rate of sequence homogenization from unequal crossing-over and gene conversion. We propose a new model adapted and expanded from one proposed for the evolution of vertebrate major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin gene families. Our model emphasizes divergent selection acting on arrays of solvent-exposed residues in the LRR resulting in evolution of individual R genes within a haplotype. Intergenic unequal crossing-over and gene conversions are important but are not the primary mechanisms generating variation.Plants, like animals, are continually challenged by a myriad of potential pathogens. There is increasing evidence that defense systems of plants are at least as complex as vertebrate defense systems. Unlike animals, however, plants do not have a circulatory system and therefore cannot rely on a specialized, proliferative immune system. Each plant cell has to be capable of defense, even though this defense is coordinated locally and systemically between cells. There are a variety of types of resistance genes and mechanisms, some induced and some constitutive (for review, see Godiard et al. 1994;Michelmore 1995;Hammond-Kosack and Jones 1997). Often, although not always, disease resistance in plants is determined by single, usually dominant, genes. The recent cloning of several such resistance genes (R genes) is providing insight into their function and evolution. The defense system of plants may be ancient and predate the evolution of the immune system; genes similar to plant R genes have been identified in mammals van der Biezen and Jones 1998).In this review we consider what is known about the genomic organization and evolution of disease resistance genes in plants. The picture that is emerging for the organization and evolution of plant R genes is similar to that of the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptor (TCR), and immunoglobulin genes. Therefore, although the specific types of genes involved are different, the evolutionary forces shaping the plant and vertebrate defense systems may be similar. We propose a model for the evolution of plant R genes that is adapted and expanded from a m...

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The Tomato Cf-2 Disease Resistance Locus Comprises Two Functional Genes Encoding Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins

Cited by 548 publications

References 42 publications

The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes.

The I2C family from the wilt disease resistance locus I2 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat superfamily of plant resistance genes.

The race‐specific elicitor AVR9 of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum: a cystine knot protein

Clusters of Resistance Genes in Plants Evolve by Divergent Selection and a Birth-and-Death Process

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