The TolTEC camera: an overview of the instrument and in-lab testing results

Wilson, Grant; Abi-Saad, Sophia; Ade, Peter A. R.; Aretxaga, I.; Austermann, J. E.; Ban, Yvonne; Bardin, Joseph C.; Beall, James A.; Berthoud, Marc; Bryan, Sean; Bussan, John; Castillo, E.; Chávez, M.; Contente, Reid; DeNigris, Natalie; Dober, Bradley; Eiben, M.; Ferrusca, D.; Fissel, Laura M.; Gao, Jiansong; Golec, Joseph E.; Golina, Robert; Gómez, Arturo Plata; Gordon, Sam; Gutermuth, Robert; Hilton, G. C.; Hosseini, Mohsen; Hubmayr, Johannes; Hughes, D. H.; Kuczarski, Stephen; Lee, Dennis; Lunde, Emily; Ma, Zhiyuan; Mani, H. S.; Mauskopf, Philip; McCrackan, Michael; McKenney, Christopher; McMahon, Jeffrey; Novak, Giles; Pisano, G.; Pope, Alexandra; Ralston, Amy; Rodríguez, Iván; Sánchez-Argüelles, David; Schloerb, F. Peter; Simon, Sara M.; Sinclair, Adrian; Souccar, Kamal; Campos, Ana Torres; Tucker, C.; Ullom, Joel N.; Camp, Eric Van; Lanen, Jeff Van; Velázquez, Miguel; Weeks, Eric; Yun, Min S.

doi:10.1117/12.2562331

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The Al KID design shows similar yield. Assuming no improvements, and an expanded f r range of 50-200 MHz for TiN x or 150-600 MHz for Al, a constant fractional frequency spacing matching the current design (0.25 MHz at 85 MHz), and a comparable collision rate of < 5%, we expect the current design is consistent with N mux ≈ 500 at 95% yield, which is similar to the baseline adopted by several recent KID-based instruments [44,72,73]. Further improvements offer the potential to reach N mux = 1000-2000 in the near future through a combination of increased control over fabrication processes and employing post-fabrication capacitor trimming [74,75], which uses post-testing ion-beam or laser trimming or etching to modify C and thus f r to fix any collisions.…”

Section: Scaling and Cost Reductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The simplest variant of a KID is formed when the resonator geometry is optimized to act as an impedance-matched absorber to efficiently collect the incoming signal. This configuration enables a straightforward path to a densely packed focal plane layout using either an open array architecture [42], or a waveguide coupled design that has been favored by recent experiments due to the improved control over beam systematics and optical crosstalk [43,44]. The optical bandpass for each detector is defined through standardized quasi-optical filtering schemes [45] that limit the detectors to a single observing band, with multi-band imaging requiring complex free-space dichroic/trichroic filters.…”

Section: Direct Absorbing Kidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With most experiments currently focused on applications in astronomy and local universe astrophysics, the NIKA-2 experiment on the IRAM 30 meter telescope has demonstrated that the KID-based instruments are highly competitive with other approaches. A number of other experiments at major telescope facilities are currently at various stages of development; the Mexico UK Submillimetre Camera for AsTronomy (MUSCAT) [43] and TolTec [44] receivers are undergoing commissioning at the Large Millimeter Telescope in Mexico, the first-light instrument for the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) in Chile, and the next generation receiver for the South Pole Telescope (SPT3G+), are all set to deliver transformational science over the next decade, with FYST and SPT explic- [46], middle) a polarimetric detector design made up of two singlepolarisation detectors using TiN developed at NIST for Toltec [47], and right) Al for the SPT-4 instrument [48].…”

Section: Direct Absorbing Kidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A long term target is ∼ $1/detector, requiring a reduction of 100x from existing experiments (e.g. TolTec ∼ $150/det [44,77], CMB-S4 (∼ $250/det) [78]).…”

Section: Scaling To Such Large Arrays Will Require Dedicated Support ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large-Format, Transmission-Line-Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays for HEP at Millimeter Wavelengths

Barry¹,

Chang²,

Golwala³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The kinetic inductance detector (KID) is a versatile and scalable detector technology with a wide range of applications. These superconducting detectors offer significant advantages: simple and robust fabrication, intrinsic multiplexing that will allow thousands of detectors to be read out with a single microwave line, and simple and low cost room temperature electronics. These strengths make KIDs especially attractive for HEP science via mm-wave cosmological studies. Examples of these potential cosmological observations include studying cosmic acceleration (Dark Energy) through measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, precision cosmology through ultra-deep measurements of small-scale CMB anisotropy, and mm-wave spectroscopy to map out the distribution of cosmological structure at the largest scales and highest redshifts. The principal technical challenge for these kinds of projects is the successful deployment of large-scale high-density focal planes-a need that can be addressed by KID technology. In this paper, we present an overview of microstrip-coupled KIDs for use in mm-wave observations and outline the research and development needed to advance this class of technology and enable these upcoming large-scale experiments.

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Section: Scaling and Cost Reductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Direct Absorbing Kidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Direct Absorbing Kidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A long term target is ∼ $1/detector, requiring a reduction of 100x from existing experiments (e.g. TolTec ∼ $150/det [44,77], CMB-S4 (∼ $250/det) [78]).…”

Section: Scaling To Such Large Arrays Will Require Dedicated Support ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large-Format, Transmission-Line-Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays for HEP at Millimeter Wavelengths

Barry¹,

Chang²,

Golwala³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…114 The EXCLAIM implementation of the RFSoC will read two detector arrays in parallel, and capacity can be expanded to four arrays in future implementations. There are three intermediate frequency (IF) boards, each of which handles two spectrometers and follows TolTEC 115 board designs. Because of significant overlap in the receiver design, Sec.…”

Section: Ambient Temperature Readout Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping: instrument design

Switzer

Barrentine

Cataldo

et al. 2021

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

Self Cite

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The experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne telescope designed to survey star formation in windows from the present to z ¼ 3.5. During this time, the rate of star formation dropped dramatically, while dark matter continued to cluster. EXCLAIM maps the redshifted emission of singly ionized carbon lines and carbon monoxide using intensity mapping, which permits a blind and complete survey of emitting gas through statistics of cumulative brightness fluctuations. EXCLAIM achieves high sensitivity using a cryogenic telescope coupled to six integrated spectrometers employing kinetic inductance detectors covering 420 to 540 GHz with spectral resolving power R ¼ 512 and angular resolution ≈4 arc min. The spectral resolving power and cryogenic telescope allow

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The MUSCAT Readout Electronics Backend: Design and Pre-deployment Performance

et al. 2022

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MUSCAT is a new large-format 1.1 mm continuum camera for local and extra-galactic astronomy currently being installed at the 50 m Large Millimetre Telescope Alfonso Serrano, LMT. The focal plane is populated with 1458 feedhorn coupled Aluminium LEKIDs, cooled to 130 mk, and read out with 6 frequency division multiplexed RF readout chains, each with a 500 MHz bandwidth. The nominal mux ratio is $$\sim$$ ∼ 250 resonators per chain with an average spacing of 2 MHz between resonators. In each RF chain, the multiplexed waveform generation/decomposition is performed with the BLAST-TNG firmware on a ROACH2 FPGA board with a MUSIC DAC/ADC. The quadrature modulated IF signals are mixed to and from the LEKID readout band on a custom card that houses IQ mixers, a programmable synthesizer, and additional programmable input and output gain control and filtering. Within the cryostat, the RF signals are attenuated prior to reaching the focal plane array and then amplified at 4K. A novel software system controls all the programmable hardware and handles instructions from the LMT instrument control system to record and store observation data, as well as performing automated resonator retuning and providing results of quick look analysis to the telescope operators. In this paper, we present the detailed design and in-lab performance of the cryogenic and room temperature electronics, and the software control system.

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The TolTEC camera: an overview of the instrument and in-lab testing results

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Large-Format, Transmission-Line-Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays for HEP at Millimeter Wavelengths

Large-Format, Transmission-Line-Coupled Kinetic Inductance Detector Arrays for HEP at Millimeter Wavelengths

Experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping: instrument design

The MUSCAT Readout Electronics Backend: Design and Pre-deployment Performance

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