The Token Economy: A Living-Learning Environment

Fernández, José Ignacio Pérez; Ryan, Ellen Bouchard; Fischer, Isabelle

doi:10.1192/bjp.122.4.453

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Either variable or a combination of the two could be crucial in explaining the results of this study. Fernandez (1971), using an A-B-A design in the first two studies conducted by him in a free operant environment, noted that there were no reversals to base-rates when base-line conditions were reinstated after a period of contingent token reinforcement. Following from the above results, Fernandez (1972) argues that the introduction of "contingent token reinforcement" in his studies in all probabilty involved the introduction of no less than five intended variables, which in turn served to trigger-off the action of other unintended (though not unexpected variables) which could have acted either independently or synergistically over time, and brought about the marked behavioural improvement, ordinarily attributed to contingent token reinforcement.…”

Section: Controlled and Uncontrolled Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Variables in Token Economy Systems: A Review of the Literature and a Description of Current Research

Fraser¹

1978

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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There can be little doubt that ward-based operant programmes have achieved considerable success in relieving the handicaps of many chronic schizophrenic patients (Atthowe and Krasner, 1965; Ayllon and Azrin, 1968; Kazdin, 1977). In addition, there are now several comparative studies of the token economy (T.E.) and the more traditional therapeutic approaches. Osborne and Adams (1970), found improvements in certain target areas when a reinforcement programme was compared with the traditional form of institutional control in a school for the deaf. Further evidence for the superiority of operant methods over social therapy techniques is provided by Stoffelmayr, Faulkner and Mitchell (1973). The T.E. programme which they implemented, differed from the two social therapy regimes with which it was compared, primarily in that the programmes were devised, specifying the behaviours which were to be encouraged and in that these behaviours when they occurred, were systematically reinforced. The results showed that when the two forms of treatment were compared using direct observation and rating scale techniques, the T.E. regime was superior to social therapy in promoting the following changes: an increase in social interaction, a decrease in apathy (operationally defined), and an increase in self help skills.

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Section: Controlled and Uncontrolled Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Variables in Token Economy Systems: A Review of the Literature and a Description of Current Research

Fraser¹

1978

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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“…Numerous studies in recent years have testified to the effectiveness of token economy programmes in dealing with the problems of the long-term psychiatric patient (At/howe & Krasner (1968), Ayllon & Azrin (1968), Shean & Zeidberg (1971), Fernandez et al (1973), Gripp & Magaro (1974). Many of these programmes have involved selected (often small) groups of patients treated under special circumstances; relatively few have attempted to deal with large groups of long-term patients under "average" National Health Service (N.H.S.)…”

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confidence: 99%

The Token Economy in the National Health Service: Possibilities and Limitations

Presly

Black²,

Gray³

et al. 1976

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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The effects after 1 year of the introduction of a token economy system into a long-term male psychiatric ward of 45 mainly schizophrenic patients are described. The main objectives were (1) to define the limits of such programmes in "average" National Health Service conditions, where additional resources in staff, finance, and facilities are very limited and (2) to introduce the principles and techniques of behaviour modification to nursing staff. The programme succeeded in reducing social withdrawal and apathy and in increasing self-care skills and involvement in constructive activity. There was no change in the level of socially embarrassing behaviour. The major limitation affecting the maintenance of the programme was found to be the rapid turnover and unpredictable changes in nursing staff. It was concluded that such programmes are feasible with very little in the way of increased resources, and that such efforts will continue to be necessary in view of the existing large numbers of long-term patients and the slow but significant accumulation of new patients.

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A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management

et al. 2022

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The Token Economy: A Living-Learning Environment

Abstract: The use of a token-economy system to condition ward-wide behaviours in psychiatric in-patients, is gaining acceptance as a definite therapeutic modality (Franks, 1969).

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Critical Variables in Token Economy Systems: A Review of the Literature and a Description of Current Research

Critical Variables in Token Economy Systems: A Review of the Literature and a Description of Current Research

The Token Economy in the National Health Service: Possibilities and Limitations

A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management

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