The timing, two-pulsed nature, and variable climatic expression of the 4.2 ka event: A review and new high-resolution stalagmite data from Namibia

Railsback, L. Bruce; Liang, Fuyuan; Brook, George A.; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Sletten, Hillary R.; Marais, Eugène; Hardt, B. F.; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.015

Cited by 83 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…1 and for references to Table 1. (Railsback et al, 2018) and in this issue (Kaniewski et al, 2018). However, there is no clear and coherent evidence of this in many of the different selected records.…”

Section: Chronology: the Achilles Heel Of The Problemmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Despite its near-pervasive recognition, the timing, duration, and progression of this event have yet to be defined in detail, whilst its origin in terms of changes in ocean and atmospheric circulation remains elusive (Booth et al, 2005;Zanchetta et al, 2016;Carter et al, 2018). Moreover, not all the palaeoclimate records preserve evidence of the 4.2 ka BP Event, at least as a prominent feature of the Late Holocene (e.g., Seppa et al, 2009;Göktürk et al, 2011;Roland et al, 2014) and not necessarily as a cold and dry event (e.g., Railsback et al, 2018). Some researchers have suggested that this event is best described as a complex succession of dry/wet events, rather than a single long, dry event Railsback et al, 2018), further complicating the matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, not all the palaeoclimate records preserve evidence of the 4.2 ka BP Event, at least as a prominent feature of the Late Holocene (e.g., Seppa et al, 2009;Göktürk et al, 2011;Roland et al, 2014) and not necessarily as a cold and dry event (e.g., Railsback et al, 2018). Some researchers have suggested that this event is best described as a complex succession of dry/wet events, rather than a single long, dry event Railsback et al, 2018), further complicating the matter. The Mediterranean region shows some of the most consistent evidence of the 4.2 ka BP Event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview

et al. 2019

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The Mediterranean region and the Levant have returned some of the clearest evidence of a climatically dry period occurring around 4200 years ago. However, some regional evidence is controversial and contradictory, and issues remain regarding timing, progression, and regional articulation of this event. In this paper, we review the evidence from selected proxies (sea-surface temperature, precipitation, and temperature reconstructed from pollen, δ 18 O on speleothems, and δ 18 O on lacustrine carbonate) over the Mediterranean Basin to infer possible regional climate patterns during the interval between 4.3 and 3.8 ka. The values and limitations of these proxies are discussed, and their potential for furnishing information on seasonality is also ex-plored. Despite the chronological uncertainties, which are the main limitations for disentangling details of the climatic conditions, the data suggest that winter over the Mediterranean involved drier conditions, in addition to already dry summers. However, some exceptions to this prevail -where wetter conditions seem to have persisted -suggesting regional heterogeneity in climate patterns. Temperature data, even if sparse, also suggest a cooling anomaly, even if this is not uniform. The most common paradigm to interpret the precipitation regime in the Mediterranean -a North Atlantic Oscillation-like pattern -is not completely satisfactory to interpret the selected data.

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Section: Chronology: the Achilles Heel Of The Problemmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview

et al. 2019

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“…Occurring at~4 ka BP, this abrupt climatic shift appears to involve significant reorganizations of ocean and atmosphere circulation patterns (Weiss, 2019). It has been termed the "Holocene Turnover" (Paasche et al, 2004) that subsequently resulted in the establishment of a new climatic regime or mode (Paasche and Bakke, 2009), or the "4.07 ka BP climatic anomaly" in southern Africa (Railsback et al, 2018). The event appears to be global in nature, occurring in proxy records across seven continents from North America and northern Europe, through the Mediterranean, Middle East (Weiss, 2017b(Weiss, , 2017a and India Kathayat et al, 2018) to China (Cai et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018) and Australia (Denniston et al, 2013); and across Africa (Chase et al, 2015b;Ruan et al, 2016), Andean-Patagonian South America (Schimpf et al, 2011), and Antarctica (Peck et al, 2015).…”

Section: Northgrippian Stage/age; Middle Holocene Subseries/subepochmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subdividing the Holocene Series/Epoch: formalization of stages/ages and subseries/subepochs, and designation of GSSPs and auxiliary stratotypes

Walker

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Lowe

et al. 2019

J Quaternary Science

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The Holocene, which currently spans ~11 700 years, is the shortest series/epoch within the geological time scale (GTS), yet it contains a rich archive of evidence in stratigraphical contexts that are frequently continuous and often preserved at high levels of resolution. On 14 June 2018, the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences formally ratified a proposal to subdivide the Holocene into three stages/ages, along with their equivalent subseries/subepochs, each anchored by a Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). The new stages are the Greenlandian (Lower/Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch) with its GSSP in the Greenland NGRIP2 ice core and dated at 11 700 a b2k (before 2000 CE); the Northgrippian (Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch) with its GSSP in the Greenland NGRIP1 ice core and dated at 8236 a b2k; and the Meghalayan (Upper/Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch) with its GSSP in a speleothem from Mawmluh Cave, north‐eastern India, with a date of 4250 a b2k. We explain the nomenclature of the new divisions, describe the procedures involved in the ratification process, designate auxiliary stratotypes to support the GSSPs and consider the implications of the subdivision for defining the Anthropocene as a new unit within the GTS.

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“…A global suite of proxy records shows widespread climate anomalies during this time (commonly referred as the '4.2 ka event') (e.g., Cullen et al, 2000;Staubwasser et al, 2003;Arz et al, 2006;Drysdale et al, 2006;Menounos et al, 2008;Liu and Feng, 2012;Berkelhammer et al, 2012;Dixit et al, 2014;Cheng et al 2015;Nakamura et al, 2016;Dixit et al, 2018;Railsback et al, 2018). Additionally, a number of archeological 45 studies also suggest that the '4.2 ka event' may have been associated with a series of cultural and societal changes in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, South and East Asia (e.g., Weiss et al,1993;Enzel et al, 1999;Cullen et al, 2000;Staubwasser et al, 2003;Marshall et.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%