The timing of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical outcome

DeLisi, Lynn E.; Stritzke, P.; Riordan, Henry; Holan, Victor; Boccio, Angela; Kushner, Maureen; McClelland, Joyce; Eyl, O. van; Anand, Ashish

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90047-4

Cited by 163 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For example, autism, with onset before the age of 3 years, shows global cerebral GM hyperplasia in the first 2 years of life (49) and larger frontal and temporal GM volumes by 4 years, followed by a slower rate of growth in these regions by 7 years (50, 51). Childhood-onset schizophrenia, with a mean age of onset around the age of 10 years, is associated with a striking parietal GM loss, which progresses anteriorly during adolescence in a back-tofront fashion (52), whereas adult-onset schizophrenia (the more typical form) is more strongly associated with deficits in latermaturing temporal and frontal regions (53)(54)(55) and is associated with selective abnormalities of the heteromodal regions (29). Thus, alterations either in degree or timing of basic maturational pattern may at least partially be underlying these neurodevelopmental disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood

Gogtay

Giedd

Lusk

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

4,759

258

3,811

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We report the dynamic anatomical sequence of human cortical gray matter development between the age of 4 -21 years using quantitative four-dimensional maps and time-lapse sequences. Thirteen healthy children for whom anatomic brain MRI scans were obtained every 2 years, for 8 -10 years, were studied. By using models of the cortical surface and sulcal landmarks and a statistical model for gray matter density, human cortical development could be visualized across the age range in a spatiotemporally detailed time-lapse sequence. The resulting time-lapse ''movies'' reveal that (i) higher-order association cortices mature only after lower-order somatosensory and visual cortices, the functions of which they integrate, are developed, and (ii) phylogenetically older brain areas mature earlier than newer ones. Direct comparison with normal cortical development may help understanding of some neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood-onset schizophrenia or autism.H uman brain development is structurally and functionally a nonlinear process (1-3), and understanding normal brain maturation is essential for understanding neurodevelopmental disorders (4, 5). The heteromodal nature of cognitive brain development is evident from studies of neurocognitive performance (6, 7), functional imaging (functional MRI or positronemission tomography) (8-10), and electroencephalogram coherence studies (1, 2, 10). Prior imaging studies show regional nonlinear changes in gray matter (GM) density during childhood and adolescence with prepubertal increase followed by postpubertal loss (11)(12)(13)(14). The GM density on MRI is an indirect measure of a complex architecture of glia, vasculature, and neurons with dendritic and synaptic processes. Studies of GM maturation show a loss in cortical GM density over time (15,16), which temporally correlates with postmortem findings of increased synaptic pruning during adolescence and early adulthood (17-19). Here we present a study of cortical GM development in children and adolescents by using a brain-mapping technique and a prospectively studied sample of 13 healthy children (4-21 years old), who were scanned with MRI every 2 years for 8-10 years. Because the scans were obtained repeatedly on the same subjects over time, statistical extrapolation of points in between scans enabled construction of an animated time-lapse sequence (''movie'') of pediatric brain development. We hypothesized that GM development in childhood through early adulthood would be nonlinear as described before and would progress in a localized, region-specific manner coinciding with the functional maturation. We also predicted that the regions associated with more primary functions (e.g., primary motor cortex) would develop earlier compared with the regions that are involved with more complex and integrative tasks (e.g., temporal lobe).The result is a dynamic map of GM maturation in the pre-and postpubertal period. Our results, while highlighting the remarkable heterogeneity, show that the cortical GM development appears to f...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood

Gogtay

Giedd

Lusk

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

4,759

258

3,811

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“…DNA methylation modifications at these regions may be the consequence of the neuropathology associated with the disease, or the consequence of environmental stressors that increase disease risk. For instance, adult-onset schizophrenia (the more typical form) is more strongly associated with deficits in later-maturing temporal and frontal regions, [35][36][37] and is associated with selective abnormalities of the heteromodal regions. 38 In major depression, decreased volumes of cortical and subcortical regions have been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of CpG context and content in evolutionary signatures of brain DNA methylation

Xin

O’Donnell

et al. 2011

Epigenetics

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“…Additionally, in follow up studies of first episode patients, we included only new brain findings in Table 1 and did not include in the tally findings reported previously (e.g. DeLisi et al, 1991DeLisi et al, ,1992DeLisi et al, ,1997.…”

Section: Scope Of the Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Shenton

Dickey

Frumin

et al. 2001

Schizophrenia Research

2,127

121

1,332

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After more than 100 years of research, the neuropathology of schizophrenia remains unknown and this is despite the fact that both Kraepelin (1919/1971: Kraepelin,E., 1919/1971. Dementia praecox. Churchill Livingston Inc., New York) and Bleuler (1911/1950: Bleuler, E., 1911/1950. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York), who first described 'dementia praecox' and the ' schizophrenias', were convinced that schizophrenia would ultimately be linked to an organic brain disorder. Alzheimer (1897: Alzheimer, A., 1897. Beitrage zur pathologischen anatomie der hirnrinde und zur anatomischen grundlage einiger psychosen. Monatsschrift fur Psychiarie und Neurologie. 2, 82-120) was the first to investigate the neuropathology of schizophrenia, though he went on to study more tractable brain diseases. The results of subsequent neuropathological studies were disappointing because of conflicting findings. Research interest thus waned and did not flourish again until 1976, following the pivotal computer assisted tomography (CT) finding of lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia by Johnstone and colleagues. Since that time significant progress has been made in brain imaging, particularly with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beginning with the first MRI study of schizophrenia by Smith and coworkers in 1984 (Smith, R.C., Calderon, M., Ravichandran, G. K., et al. (1984). Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 12, 137-147). MR in vivo imaging of the brain now confirms brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.The 193 peer reviewed MRI studies reported in the current review span the period from 1988 to August, 2000. This 12 year period has witnessed a burgeoning of MRI studies and has led to more definitive findings of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia than any other time period in the history of schizophrenia research. Such progress in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia is largely due to advances in in vivo MRI techniques. These advances have now led to the identification of a number of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Some of these abnormalities confirm earlier postmortem findings, and most are small and subtle, rather than large, thus necessitating more advanced and accurate measurement tools. These findings include ventricular enlargement (80% of studies reviewed) and third ventricle enlargement (73% of studies reviewed). There is also preferential involvement of medial temporal lobe structures (74% of studies reviewed), which include the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and neocortical temporal lobe regions (superior temporal gyrus) (100% of studies reviewed). When gray and white matter of superior temporal gyrus was combined, 67% of studies reported abnormalities. There was also moderate evidence for frontal lobe abnormalities (59% of studies reviewed), particularly prefrontal gray matter and orbitofrontal regions. Similarly, there was moderate evidence for parietal lobe ab...

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The timing of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical outcome

Cited by 163 publications

References 24 publications

Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood

Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood

Role of CpG context and content in evolutionary signatures of brain DNA methylation

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

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