The Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014

Abstract

During the past 30 years, women’s participation in the workforce, in athletics, and in professional education has increased, while men’s activities have been more stable. Have gender stereotypes changed over this time period to reflect the new realities? And, to what extent does gender stereotyping exist today? We address these questions by comparing data collected in the early 1980s to new data collected in 2014. In each study, participants rated the likelihood that a typical man or woman has a set of gendered characteristics (traits, role behaviors, occupations, and physical characteristics). Results indicate that people perceive strong differences between men and women on stereotype components today, as they did in the past. Comparisons between the two time periods show stability of gender stereotypes across all components except female gender roles, which showed a significant increase in gender stereotyping. These results attest to the durability of basic stereotypes about how men and women are perceived to differ, despite changes in the participation and acceptance of women and men in nontraditional domains. Because gender stereotypes are apparently so deeply embedded in our society, those in a position to evaluate women and men, as well as women and men themselves, need to be constantly vigilant to the possible influence of stereotypes on their judgments, choices, and actions. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental

The communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders – leadership style, gender, and promotability

“…Without additional information, men are perceived as less communal than women (Haines et al, 2016). However, with additional information about the person, this can change.…”

“…Agency refers to attributes and behaviours related to taking charge and being in control of a situation or group; communality refers to attributes and behaviours related to taking care of others and building relationships. Men are generally perceived to be more agentic than women, while women are generally perceived to be more communal than men (Haines, Deaux, & Lofaro, 2016). Gender stereotypes are also prescriptive, that is, they comprise norms for appropriate behaviours.…”

Ar visada „gražu yra gerai“: potencialių darbuotojų suvokto fizinio patrauklumo ir lyties įtaka priimant sprendimą pakviesti į pokalbį dėl darbo

“…Kita vertus, vis dar gajus įsitikinimas, kad labai patraukli moteris negali būti labai protinga ar gabi (Kanazawa & Kovar, 2004;Haines et al, 2016), todėl netinkama tiems socialiniams vaidmenims, kurie tradiciškai laikomi vyriš-kais, pavyzdžiui, eiti vadovo pareigas. Taigi susidaro paradoksali situacija: moteriai fizinis patrauklumas gali būti naudingas, tačiau tik tam tikrose srityse.…”

“…Fiziškai patrauklios moterys praranda savo pranašumą prieš vyrus (tiek patrauklius, tiek nepatrauklius) arba prieš nepatrauklias moteris, kurie suvokiami kaip labiau atitinkantys vadovaujamas pareigas einantiems žmonėms keliamus reikalavimus (Heilman & Saruwatari, 1979;Johnson et al, 2010;Braun et al, 2012;Ruffle & Shtudiner, 2014). Čia susidaro paradoksasnors patrauklūs žmonės suvokiami kaip intelektualesni ir kompetentingesni, labai patrauklios moterys darbo srityje dažnai vertinamos remiantis dar ir kitu įsitikini-mu -"jei labai graži, vadinasi, -nelabai protinga" (Kanazawa & Kovar, 2004;Haines, Deaux, & Lofaro, 2016).…”

“…Kita vertus, nors ir sunkiai, tačiau įsitikinimai gali kisti. Ypač tada, kai pakinta socialinis ir politinis kontekstas (Haines et al, 2016). Pastaraisiais metais moterų, einančių vadovaujamas pa reigas, skaičius didėja ir pasaulyje (Braun et al, 2012) …”