The ‘tight gas’ challenge: appraisal results from the Devonian of Algeria

Abstract

Projected future increases in Algerian gas production will, in part, come from more complex reservoirs within the Ahnet-Timimoun Basin; here, conventional quality reservoirs (>1 mD) are interbedded with volumetrically significant, low permeability sandstones (<1 mD) – the ‘tight gas’ sandstones. The challenge has been to develop a programme of work which will establish reserves in this sub-millidarcy resource; on balance, the results of this evaluation programme are positive. The main tight gas sections are of Lower Devonian age. Grain rimming chlorite cement within thin intervals locally inhibited later pervasive quartz cementation; the quartz is the cause of reservoir degradation in the bulk of the sandstone resulting in permeabilities of <1 mD, and often in the microdarcy range. Generally, the Lower Devonian has a low density of faulting and fractures; open and closed fractures are observed in core, whilst mud losses suggest some fractures are conductive in the subsurface. One of the main structures, the Teguentour Field, has been evaluated through the drilling of two new wells. The first of these wells (Teg-14) evaluated interbedded tight and conventional sandstones, whilst the second (Teg-15) was a dedicated tight sandstone completion involving an induced fracture programme. The permeability range in the tight gas sandstones extends below the resolution of conventional porosity/permeability measurement; determination has been improved through mercury injection derived permeabilities. Water saturations determined from core and log suggest gas may be present in the low permeability rock. The presence of gas could not be confirmed by formation tester samples and thus dynamic data were required from the Teg-15 well which was completed within the tight sandstone interval; only the top 5 m was perforated to limit the possibility of a communication pathway down to conventional quality sandstones. After nitrogen lift, the well flowed gas to surface at c. 5 ×10 4 SCFD for several hours. The low leak-off coeffcient determined suggests there was no connection to a pervasive conductive fracture network, although fractures intersected by the wellbore may have contributed to flow. Also, large poro-elastic back stresses indicate that a connection to high matrix or fracture permeability was unlikely. On balance, the test is a positive indicator of gas presence in very low permeability/porosity rocks which may recharge associated conventional layers following suffcient drawdown.

A Simple Hysteretic Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Flow

“…In order to test the proposed relationship between permeability and porosity for different types of soils, we selected four data series from Luffel et al [31], Hirst et al [22] and Chilindar [14]. As it is well known, permeability k and saturated hydraulic conductivity K s are related through K s = kρg/µ.…”

Experimental measurement of, and controls on, permeability and permeability anisotropy of caprocks from the CO2storage project at the Krechba Field, Algeria

“…Stratigraphy of the reservoir and caprock of the Krechba field. The interval of interest is the Lower Carboniferous Tournasian units [after Hirst et al , 2001]. …”

Diagenetic and sedimentary controls on porosity in Lower Carboniferous fine-grained lithologies, Krechba field, Algeria: A petrological study of a caprock to a carbon capture site

“…The source rock for the Tournasian and Devonian reservoirs in Krechba was probably the regional Silurian hot shale although there are Devonian (Givetian) intervals with source rock potential (Hirst et al, 2001).…”

“…The interval of interest is the Lower Carboniferous Tournasian units (C10.2), afterHirst et al (2001).…”