The Tick–virus Interface

McNally, Kristin L.; Bloom, Marshall E.

doi:10.1002/9781118297469.ch32

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The glycoprotein Gc was shown to be a class II viral fusion protein (Garry and Garry, 2004 ). Like other invertebrates, ticks do not present adaptive immunity, and they rely on innate immune response consisting of phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodulation, and secretion of humoral factors in the hemolymph (McNally and Bloom, 2014 ). An additional important mechanism of innate antiviral defense of arthropods (including ticks) against arboviruses, RNA interference (RNAi), was investigated on Hazara nairovirus, which is considered as a surrogate CCHFV model.…”

Section: Tick-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions

Papa

Tsergouli

Tsioka

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is transmitted to humans by bite of infected ticks or by direct contact with blood or tissues of viremic patients or animals. It causes to humans a severe disease with fatality up to 30%. The current knowledge about the vector-host-CCHFV interactions is very limited due to the high-level containment required for CCHFV studies. Among ticks, Hyalomma spp. are considered the most competent virus vectors. CCHFV evades the tick immune response, and following its replication in the lining of the tick's midgut, it is disseminated by the hemolymph in the salivary glands and reproductive organs. The introduction of salivary gland secretions into the host cells is the major route via which CCHFV enters the host. Following an initial amplification at the site of inoculation, the virus is spread to the target organs. Apoptosis is induced via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Genetic factors and immune status of the host may affect the release of cytokines which play a major role in disease progression and outcome. It is expected that the use of new technology of metabolomics, transcriptomics and proteomics will lead to improved understanding of CCHFV-host interactions and identify potential targets for blocking the CCHFV transmission.

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Section: Tick-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral infections in ticks are not entirely silent and may affect the tick survival, behavior and gene expression (McNally and Bloom, 2014 ). Next generation sequencing of infected and uninfected ticks microbiome may give more insights into the interactions between pathogens and ticks.…”

Section: Tick-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions

Papa

Tsergouli

Tsioka

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Ticks' immunity is only dependent on innate immunity, and there is no adaptive immunity, so viruses invade ticks and evade the host immune system, and keep themselves safe from the phagocytosis, nodulation, encapsulation, and secretions of hemolymph (innate immunity) of ticks (McNally and Bloom, 2013). Additional antivirus innate response is dependent on RNAi, which limits virus replications (Migné et al, 2022).…”

Section: Role Of Immunity In Tick-pathogen Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

et al. 2022

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Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs.

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The Tick–virus Interface

Cited by 2 publications

References 73 publications

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions

Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

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