The Thyroid Gland

Peters, Catherine; Schoenmakers, Nadia

doi:10.1002/9781119152712.ch8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 342 publications

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“…Of the 521 babies, 55% had been characterized into DG/DHG. Of the babies with established DG, 116 (51%) had an ectopic gland, 116 (36%) had hypoplasia, and 30 (13%) had an absent gland, a distribution similar to values in the literature ( 24 ). As anticipated, two-thirds of DHG babies were female with equal numbers of males and females in the DHG group.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Congenital Hypothyroidism: Space–Time Clustering of Thyroid Dysgenesis Indicates a Role for Environmental Factors in Disease Etiology

McNally

Jones

Shaikh

et al. 2021

Thyroid

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Background: The etiology of most cases of congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) due to thyroid dysgenesis is unknown. If transient environmental factors can impact on thyroid gland development then clustering of cases in time and / or space may occur and this would be more likely in thyroid dysgenesis than dyshormonogenesis. Methods: The newborn screening programme for CHT in Scotland is linked to a central database that includes case details such as post-code. The etiology of CHT is investigated in many cases of CHT using scintigraphy and/or ultrasonography. We looked for evidence of a change in CHT incidence with year of birth and according to season of the year. We then undertook space-time clustering analysis (using a method based on K-functions, with nearest neighbor thresholds) of CHT in Scotland 1979-2015. We also looked for evidence of overall changes associated with sex and area-based birth density. Results: Of 531 cases with CHT during the study period, 290 had been categorized as dysgenesis (229) or dyshormonogenesis (61) following more detailed investigation. The incidence of CHT increased with year of birth and was in part linked to changing methodology but there was no seasonality. There was no evidence of overall space-time clustering (p = 0.06), but there was evidence of clustering in babies with dysgenesis (p = 0.007). This picture appeared to be most closely linked to underlying thyroid gland hypoplasia rather than thyroid gland agenesis or ectopia. There was significant space-time clustering for both males and females, but clustering was restricted to lesser birth density areas. There was also evidence of clustering for unknown cases (p < 0.001). Clustering of these cases was restricted to females, but was present for cases from both greater and lesser birth density areas. There was no evidence of clustering in cases of dyshormonogenesis. Conclusions: These data suggest that an unidentified environmental factor or factors may be involved in the etiology of thyroid dysgenesis in Scotland. The variation in CHT incidence observed internationally may reflect environmental as well as genetic factors.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Congenital Hypothyroidism: Space–Time Clustering of Thyroid Dysgenesis Indicates a Role for Environmental Factors in Disease Etiology

McNally

Jones

Shaikh

et al. 2021

Thyroid

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“…Values for T 3 were found to decrease with age but without significant change (P > 0.05),table (1), figure 3. Also, serum concentration of T 3 uptake were significantly higher (P>0.05) in females whose age 51 -60 years than the flames in other age groups, table (1), figure (4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Human TSH is a glycoprotein containing 211 amino acids residues, hexamine and sialic acid and is made up of two subunits alpha (α) and beta (β) (1) .The α subunit is identical to that of two other pituitary glycoprotein hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chronic gonadotropin (HCG).the β subunit is unique to TSH and confers its specifity and biological activity. The biological action of TSH occurs through TSH receptors on the surface of the thyroid follicular cell (2) TSH increase T 3 and T 4 biosynthesis (3) .Regulation of TSH secretion is affected by two factors at the level of pituitary thyrotrope, the first is hypothalamic TSH -releasing hormone (TRH), a small tri peptide synthesized by hypothalamus which stimulates the secretion and synthesis of TSH (4). The second are T 3 and T 4 which inhibit the TSH secretion by antagonizing the action of TRH (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

تأثير العمر على مستويات الهرمونات المنشطة للغدة الدرقية والغدة الدرقية لدى الإناث العراقيات الأصحاء

Sameeah I. Khamees

2022

cbej

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أجريت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تأثير العمر على مستويات هرمون الغدة الدرقية (TSH) ، هرمون الغدة الدرقية (T4) ، ثلاثي يودوثيرونين (T3) و T3-Uptake في الإناث الأصحاء. تم قياس مستويات المصل من TSH و T4 و T3 و T3-Uptake في 79 من الإناث الأصحاء اللاتي تتراوح أعمارهن بين 20 و 60 عامًا. تم تقدير تركيزات المصل من TSH و T4 و T3 و T3-Uptake باستخدام نظام Vitek المناعي التشخيصي (VIDS). تزيد قيم TSH بشكل طفيف مع تقدم العمر ، ولكن دون تغييرات كبيرة. كان متوسط قيم T4 للإناث فوق سن 40 عامًا أقل بكثير من النساء الأصغر سنًا. انخفض متوسط T3 في مصل الدم مع تقدم العمر ، ولكن أيضًا دون تغيير كبير. كانت قيم T3U في الإناث بعد سن 40 عامًا أعلى بكثير من الإناث تحت سن 40 عامًا. قد تكون الأسباب الفسيولوجية لهذه النتائج ناتجة عن التغيرات المرتبطة بالجنس في البروتينات الرابطة والتغيير في معدلات التصفية الأيضية وإنتاج هذه الهرمونات وتدهورها مع تقدم العمر.الكلمات المفتاحية: - هرمون تحفيز الغدة الدرقية ، هرمون الغدة الدرقية ، ثلاثي يودوثرينين ، T3Uptake ، العمر ، إناث سليمة.

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“…This can be done by utilizing either thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyroxine (T4) assays, though primary TSH assay is considered more sensitive and the method of choice for early detection of overt and subclinical primary CH. 6 CH screening utilizing primary TSH assay has the added advantage of offering a sensitive surveillance tool to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in the surveyed population. 7 Apart from fetal thyroid status and iodine nutrition status of the population, many perinatal factors may also affect TSH levels in cord blood (CB).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of perinatal factors on cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone levels

Pawar¹,

Jain²,

Pustake³

et al. 2023

Int J Contemp Pediatr

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Background: Screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a routine practice in most developed countries of the world. This can be done by measuring cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (CBTSH). Apart from foetal thyroid status and iodine nutrition status of the population, many perinatal factors may also affect CBTSH. The influence of these perinatal factors may affect the sensitivity of CBTSH as a screening tool for CH. The present study was carried out to study the influence of various perinatal factors on CBTSH level. Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in tertiary care centre in North Maharashtra. 793 new-borns were included in study. Effects of perinatal factors like maternal age, parity, gender of the baby, birth weight, mode of delivery, gestational age, birth asphyxia on CBTSH was analysed with appropriate scientific method. Results: The mean TSH level in the study group was 7.56±3.9 mIU/l. Among the associated factors vaginal delivery, low gestational age, low birth weight and birth asphyxia were significantly associated with elevated CBTSH values. Hence, any rise in cord blood TSH should be seen in the light of these factors. Conclusions: Among all the associated factors, primi-parity, vaginal delivery, low gestational age, low birth weight and birth asphyxia were significantly associated with elevated CBTSH values. However, no association was observed between CBTSH values and gender of the baby and maternal age.

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The Thyroid Gland

Cited by 5 publications

References 342 publications

Congenital Hypothyroidism: Space–Time Clustering of Thyroid Dysgenesis Indicates a Role for Environmental Factors in Disease Etiology

Congenital Hypothyroidism: Space–Time Clustering of Thyroid Dysgenesis Indicates a Role for Environmental Factors in Disease Etiology

تأثير العمر على مستويات الهرمونات المنشطة للغدة الدرقية والغدة الدرقية لدى الإناث العراقيات الأصحاء

Effect of perinatal factors on cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone levels

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