The Threshold Cadmium Level That Causes a Substantial Increase in .BETA.2-Microglobulin in Urine of General Populations

Ikeda, Masayuki; Ezaki, Takafumi; Moriguchi, Jiro; Fukui, Yoshinari; Ukai, Hirohiko; Okamoto, Susumu

doi:10.1620/tjem.205.247

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A similar relationship was observed in a 2005 study where the location of the flexure point was estimated to be 7 lgCd/g_cr and the level of 1,000 lg b 2 -MG/g_cr exceeded 10-12 lgCd/g_cr (Ikeda et al 2005). It was concluded that there was a threshold [4 lgCd/g_cr above which b2-MG/g_cr increased substantially.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…These are known to be early indicators of the onset of proximal tubular dysfunction (Kjellstrom et al 1977;Friberg 1984;Lauwerys et al 1984;Buchet et al 1990;Piscator 1991). Japanese studies have shown that there is a non-linear relationship between Cd and b2-MG in urine, with the b2-MG increasing sharply once a threshold value of U-Cd is exceeded (Ikeda et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica

Wright

Rattray

Lalor

et al. 2010

Environ Geochem Health

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Elevated concentrations of naturally occurring Cd have been found mainly in the bauxitic soils of central Jamaica at levels up to 100-1,000 times higher than typical worldwide averages. Some food crops cultivated on these soils absorb significant amounts of Cd. Autopsy studies of kidney Cd concentrations confirm elevated human exposure, and some long-term residents in central Jamaica exceed the general population average by a factor of two. Diet studies have ascertained that a population in central Jamaica is at risk of being exposed to Cd levels in excess of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) set by the WHO of 7 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week, and the EU TWI of 2.5 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week. Elevated levels of urine cadmium (U-Cd) and beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) concentrations were confirmed with a strong correlation between soil Cd and the U-Cd. Also, higher β2-MG concentrations (>200μg/g creatinine) were found in the population with U-Cd concentrations greater than 2.5μg/L. While this identification is often taken to indicate impairment in the reabsorption capacity of the renal tubules leading to renal disease, there is no evidence in the mortality records of enhanced deaths in central Jamaica compared with the general population resulting from renal disease or diabetes related complications. The highest median age of death in the island is found in Manchester, the parish with the highest average Cd concentration. While we have identified a possible Cd linked renal dysfunction, significant indications of morbidity are not present in the general population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica

Wright

Rattray

Lalor

et al. 2010

Environ Geochem Health

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“…A trial was made to make a similar analysis taking all cases published from Japan either in Japanese or in English, but it was not productive in the sense that no solid conclusion could be drawn due to wide scattering of data, possibly due to variation in the survey methods employed, eg, the methods of analyses for Cd 46) .…”

Section: Estimation Of Cd-u Level To Induce Adverse Health Effects Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Exposure in General Populations in Japan: a Review

et al. 2015

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Cadmium (Cd) intake via diet (Cd-D) has been a long-standing focus of administrative as well as public concern in Japan after the endemic of Itai-itai disease (chronic cadmium poisoning). The aim of this report was to review cadmium exposure in Japan by introducing publications from our study group and related articles. Literature survey disclosed that Cd-D was high (up to 100 µg/day) in 1960s even in non-polluted areas. Such high Cd-D levels were followed by gradual decreases in 1970s-1980s to current level of well below 20 µg/day. Once, a very high Cd-D (600 µg/day) was reported for a Cd-polluted area. Replacement of Cd-polluted rice paddy soil with clean soil resulted in substantial reduction in riceassociated Cd-D. In large-scale surveys in 10 prefectures all over Japan conducted early in 2000s, the geometric mean (GM) of Cd-U cr (Cd in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration) was 1.26 µg/g cr, but was higher in one north-west sea coast prefecture in Honshu Island (>3 µg/g cr). Supplemental survey in 6 neighboring prefectures on the sea coast disclosed that Cd-U cr in some prefectures were higher as compared with the national average. It was reported that Cd in brown rice was also high. However no clear-cut indication was detected to suggest renal tubular dysfunctions. Surveys in major cities in East and South-East Asia in 1980s-1990s made it clear that Cd-D was substantially lower there than in Japanese cities; Cd exposure of general populations was almost exclusively from foods. Statistical analysis revealed that tubular dysfunction markers increased sharply when Cd-U cr exceeded 10-12 µg/g cr. The Cd-U cr level of 11 µg/g cr corresponded to Cd-D level of 59 µg/day. This level was in agreement with the tolerable weekly intake of 7 µg/kg body weight/week, the value recommended by the Food Safety Commission of Japan.

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“…The first change of biomark index corresponding to environmental Cd exposure was the increase of U-Cd. When the level of U-Cd arrived at approximately 2.5～5.0μg/g, the indices of renal dysfunction and renal tubular injury began to change [19][20][21][22]. However, some researchers [8,23,24] calculated benchmark doses (BMDs) of U-Cd and their 95% lower confidence bounds (BMDLs) for renal effects of Cd in a population with low environmental exposure.…”

Section: Target Organs Damage Of Environmental CD Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review: effect of environmental cadmium pollution on human health

Han¹,

Shang²,

Du³

2009

Health

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Based on the available data obtained from the population investigating, the authors reviewed research articles of the study on analytical me- thods and exposure levels of cadmium (Cd) in population, the injury of target organ, the evol- vement of sensitive index for surveillance, the study on effects of human disease and death for environmental Cd exposure, and the study on priority surveillance of human health risk

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The Threshold Cadmium Level That Causes a Substantial Increase in .BETA.2-Microglobulin in Urine of General Populations

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica

Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica

Cadmium Exposure in General Populations in Japan: a Review

Review: effect of environmental cadmium pollution on human health

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