The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests

Soroka, George; Stępniewski, Tomasz

doi:10.36874/riesw.2019.3.2

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…There is extensive literature on the Three Seas Initiative, which may extend the reader's knowledge to a different extent than the one presented in this article: (Lach 2020;Dobija, 2019;Baziur, 2018;Zenderowski, 2021;Soroka, Stępniewski, 2019;Pawłowski, Jakóbowski, 2020).…”

Section: Germany Russia and The 3si States -Actors Of International R...mentioning

confidence: 92%

Russia and Germany Against the Background of the Three Sea Initiative States From 1993 to 2021 in a Powermetrics Perspective

Surowiec

2022

hss

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This article presents the powers of Russia and Germany against the backdrop of a group of 12 countries that launched a new organization in Europe in September 2015 called the Three Seas Initiative. Member states try to create a counterbalance, and at the same time compete with two great countries: Germany and the Russian Federation (Russia). The members of the Three Seas Initiative are small and medium-sized entities on the European scene. The aim of the article was to indicate the power of the examined entities of the international relations of Russia and Germany against the background of the countries forming the Three Seas Initiative. The article uses the methodology developed by Professor Sułek to study the power of the indicated countries.

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Section: Germany Russia and The 3si States -Actors Of International R...mentioning

confidence: 92%

Russia and Germany Against the Background of the Three Sea Initiative States From 1993 to 2021 in a Powermetrics Perspective

Surowiec

2022

hss

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“…The initiative is therefore intended to be a platform for economic cooperation and efforts to improve the competitiveness of the region, which has been backward for many years as a result of the past membership of most of those countries in the communist bloc. Despite the short duration of the initiative, it is apparent that it is moving from a declaration of cooperation to practical action and creation of the financial instruments needed to achieve its objectives (Lewkowicz, 2019;Soroka et al, 2019;Kowal et al, 2019). The economic dimension of the cooperation, aimed at improving security and increasing the power of the individual countries and the region as a whole, is increasingly noticeable.…”

Section: The Three Seas Initiativementioning

confidence: 99%

Geoeconomic Leaders Among the Three Seas Initiative Countries. Part 2: Research Results

Marta¹,

Lewandowski²

2022

ERSJ

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Purpose:The purpose of the paper is to present the results of research on economic and social indicators that are considered by theorists of geoeconomics as tools that can be used to measure the geoeconomic position of countries. The research refers to Edward Luttwak's, Joseph Nye's, and Carlo Jean's concepts of geoeconomics. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper is an attempt to build an analytical framework for measuring the potential of the countries of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) by combining theoretical foundations of geoeconomics with practical indicators. The research questions that guided the overall analysis were: What indicators can be used to assess the geoeconomic position of the countries and their security? What are the values of the geoeconomic indicators? Which countries are the geoeconomics leaders in the region? Findings: Poland, Estonia, and Austria are the geoeconomic leaders among the 3SI countries. Their high position among the countries of the region is the result of various factors. For example Poland's top position is a result of, among other things, its stable economic growth, relatively small decline since the pandemic, high increase of the GDP per capita, moderate increase of the HDI, high military spending, and position in global business rankings. Estonia was among the best countries in each of the examined indicators related to the GDP and business, and was one of the leaders in investment and R&D and military spending. Austria was ranked as the third geoeconomic leader due to its highest HDI and its growth, the highest humanitarian relief, the lowest FSI, good results in R&D spending and in global entrepreneurship. Practical implications: An analysis of geoeconomic indicators of states makes it possible to draw conclusions about their multidimensional security, including economic security, the possibility to achieve their individual goals, and the common priorities of the initiative. Originality/Value: Original research.

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“…Wzrost zagrożenia militarnego ze strony Federacji Rosyjskiej spowodował powstanie Bukareszteńskiej Dziewiątki (2015), zrzeszenia państw dążących do pogłębienia współpracy militarnej i podjęcia działań na rzecz wzmacniania wschodniej flanki NATO (Soroka, Stępniewski, 2019). Musimy być świadomi tego, że pełnoprawna architektura bezpieczeństwa w Europie Wschodniej jest niemożliwa bez Ukrainy i Gruzji.…”

Section: Historyczne Koncepcje Bezpieczeństwa W Regionieunclassified

Polskie i ukraińskie koncepcje bezpieczeństwa i współpracy w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej w XXI w.

Wojtaszak¹

2022

APSP

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Central and Eastern Europe is a region located in the context of geopolitical reorganization of the world’s wetlands. The first ideas of creating a security system in this part of the continent arose after the First World War. Among them were the Polish concept of “Międzymorze” (Intermarium, aka “ABC Seas”) and the Ukrainian idea of the Baltic-Black Sea Union. The concept of security and cooperation in the region was reintroduced with the Russian Federation’s accession to the achievement of the influence index from the USSR district. There were also problems in Polish-Ukrainian relations, differences in security strategies, the delineation of the strategic partnership and the formation of the Strategic Culture of the Territories. Countries in the region have announced a number of initiatives to improve regional security (TSI, B9, L3, or Trójkąt Karpacki). The members of the mentioned concepts should be among the geopolitical figures, the position of NATO and the EU and contestations on the part of Russia.

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The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Russia and Germany Against the Background of the Three Sea Initiative States From 1993 to 2021 in a Powermetrics Perspective

Russia and Germany Against the Background of the Three Sea Initiative States From 1993 to 2021 in a Powermetrics Perspective

Geoeconomic Leaders Among the Three Seas Initiative Countries. Part 2: Research Results

Polskie i ukraińskie koncepcje bezpieczeństwa i współpracy w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej w XXI w.

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