The Three Hurdles of Tax Planning: How Business Context, Aims of Tax Planning, and Tax Manager Power Affect Tax Expense

Abstract

The question of why some companies pay fewer taxes than others is a widely investigated topic of interest. One of the well-known explanations is a phenomenon called tax avoidance.We develop a grounded theory model of influences on corporate tax planning through a series of 19 in-depth German tax expert interviews. Our research identifies three independent hurdles in the tax planning process, which can help to explain different levels of tax expense across companies. Those three hurdles sequentially address which tax planning methods are available (defined by business characteristics), desirable (given via aims of tax planning), and implementable (determined by tax manager power). A large part of previous research has estimated the influence of firm characteristics, which we incorporate in the broader term business characteristics, on tax expense, while the other influences that we identify have largely been left "out of the equation." In the light of the current public debates on tax avoidance, we reveal two important findings: First, we find that companies vary widely in the aggressiveness of their aims of tax planning, which contrasts sharply with the picture often drawn by undifferentiated media reports. Second, tax managers can assume very different levels of power in their organization. The implementation of desirable tax planning methods varies depending on this level of tax manager power. In conclusion, our three-hurdle grounded theory provides generalizable insights into important influences on corporate tax planning which help to explain the observed variation in tax expenses across firms.Les trois obstacles a la planification fiscale : comment le contexte d'entreprise, les objectifs de la planification fiscale et le pouvoir de la direction de la fiscalit e influent sur la charge d'impôt A la lumi ere des d ebats publics actuels sur l' evitement fiscal, les auteures font deux constatations importantes. En premier lieu, elles observent que les entreprises diff erent largement quant a l'audace de leurs objectifs de planification fiscale, ce qui contraste radicalement avec le portrait souvent trac e dans les reportages sch ematiques des m edias. En second lieu, les directions de la fiscalit e peuventêtre investies de pouvoirs tr es diff erents au sein des organisations. La mise en oeuvre de m ethodes de planification fiscale souhaitables varie selon l'ampleur de ces pouvoirs. En conclusion, la th eorie des trois obstacles, fond ee sur les donn ees, que proposent les auteurs livre des indications pouvantêtre g en eralis ees en ce qui a trait aux influences importantes auxquelles est soumise la planification fiscale de l'entreprise, ce qui contribue a expliquer la disparit e observ ee dans les charges d'impôt des entreprises.

أثر ترکز الملکیة وحجم مکتب المراجعة علی علاقة ممارسات التجنب الضریبی بعوائد الأسهم ومخاطر الشرکات- دراسة تطبیقیة علی الشرکات المقیدة بالبورصة المصریة

“…(Grubert and Mutti, 1991;Klassen et al, 1993) . (Guenther et al, 2017;Firmansyah and Muliana, 2018 (Dhaliwal et al, 2005;Heitzman, and Ogneva, 2015;Blaufus et al, 2016;Rachmawati and Martani, 2017;Cook et al, 2017;Khurana et al, 2018;Inger et al, 2018 (Kim et al, 2011;Gallemore, et al, 2014;Ljungqvist et al, 2016;Guenther et al, 2017;Feller and Schanz, 2017;Bird and Davis-Nozemack, 2018;Francis et al, 2019;Kerr, 2019…”

Sharing corporate tax knowledge with external advisers

“…The contribution of this study is threefold. First, our paper contributes to prior archival and critical research on tax planning and tax practice (Feller & Schanz 2017;Graham et al whom to employ to provide advice (Prudential 2013, ICAEW 2016 and arguably the information they choose to disclose to their adviser. 2014; Morris & Empson 1998;Mulligan & Oats 2016).…”

Strategic responses in corporate tax planning using opportunity areas

“…Feller & Schanz complement the body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence of the impact tax planning has on the assessment of corporate social responsibility. In this case, other stakeholders (tax authorities) can obtain information on the potential risks of tax planning of the corporation through activities in the field of corporate social responsibility [18].…”