The three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates

Ryan, Timothy M.; Ketcham, Richard A.

doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0552

Cited by 136 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Human proximal femora were scanned on the OMNI-X HD600 microcomputed tomography scanner (Varian Medical Systems) at the Center for Quantitative Imaging, Pennsylvania State University. All nonhuman primates included in the study were scanned at the Center for Quantitative Imaging or at the University of Texas at Austin's High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography Facility (18,52,(64)(65)(66). Voxel dimensions ranged from 0.0068 and 0.0687 mm, depending on size of the specimen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Ryan

Shaw

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. This gracility predisposes contemporary humans to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Explanations for this gracility include reduced levels of physical activity, the dissipation of load through enlarged joint surfaces, and selection for systemic physiological characteristics that differentiate modern humans from other primates. This study considered the skeletal remains of four behaviorally diverse recent human populations and a large sample of extant primates to assess variation in trabecular bone structure in the human hip joint. Proximal femur trabecular bone structure was quantified from microCT data for 229 individuals from 31 extant primate taxa and 59 individuals from four distinct archaeological human populations representing sedentary agriculturalists and mobile foragers. Analyses of mass-corrected trabecular bone variables reveal that the forager populations had significantly higher bone volume fraction, thicker trabeculae, and consequently lower relative bone surface area compared with the two agriculturalist groups. There were no significant differences between the agriculturalist and forager populations for trabecular spacing, number, or degree of anisotropy. These results reveal a correspondence between human behavior and bone structure in the proximal femur, indicating that more highly mobile human populations have trabecular bone structure similar to what would be expected for wild nonhuman primates of the same body mass. These results strongly emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for bone health and the attenuation of age-related bone loss. trabecular bone | gracilization | human evolution | biomechanics | mobility C ompared with other hominoids and extinct hominin species, more recent humans possess relatively gracile postcranial skeletons (1-9). One of the consequences of this gracility in contemporary humans is an increased fracture risk associated with age-related bone loss and osteoporosis [hip fractures alone are projected to reach 6.26 million per year globally by 2050 (10)] (11-15). The etiology of this relative gracility remains uncertain, and this uncertainty hinders the development of strategies for mitigating fracture risk and morbidity. The progressive gracilization of the Homo postcranial skeleton was originally detected in cortical bone structure (1, 2), but has now been demonstrated in the trabecular bone microstructure of joints (12,14,(16)(17)(18)(19), where osteoporotic fracture risk is highest (20). Most notably, in an analysis of thoracic vertebral bodies, Cotter et al. (12) found that young adult humans have significantly lower trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thinner vertebral shells than similarly sized apes. Griffin et al. (16) also found significantly lower BV/TV in the human first and second metatarsal heads compared with hominoid primates. The results of these studies are corroborated by work on the hominoid...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Ryan

Shaw

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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155

199

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“…Trabecular bone VOI data (whole body and spherical VOI) were processed with an adaptive, iterative threshold (detailed in Ridler and Calvard, 1978;Trussell, 1979;Ryan and Ketcham, 2002;Meinel et al, 2005;Maga et al, 2006). In the vbVOI, the following three-dimensional trabecular bone structural and fabric properties (Table 2) were measured without any model assumptions (Parfitt et al, 1983;Guldberg et al, 2003) or concern for caveats related to measurements in two dimensional sections (i.e., stereology, Underwood, 1970;Weibel, 1979Weibel, , 1980: trabecular bone volume (Tb.BV), trabecular bone volume fraction (Tb.BV/TV), structure model index (Tb.SMI) (Hildebrand and Ruegsegger, 1997a), trabecular number (Tb.N) (Hildebrand et al, 1999), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) (Hildebrand and Rü egsegger, 1997b), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (Hildebrand et al, 1999), connectivity density (Tb.Conn.D), and the degree of anisotropy (Laib et al, 2000;Fajardo et al, 2007a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patterns of trabecular bone scaling appear to depend on the anatomical site, taxa, and body mass range of the sample. Some studies of primate proximal femur trabeculae have suggested that Tb.Th is invariant with body mass (MacLatchy and Mü ller, 2002;Ryan and Ketcham, 2002;Fajardo et al, 2007b). In contrast, broad mammalian studies suggest that Tb.Th scales with negative allometry in the femur and humerus (Swartz et al, 1998;Doube et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Lumbar Vertebral Body Bone Microstructural Scaling in Small to Medium‐Sized Strepsirhines

Fajardo

DeSilva

Manoharan

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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Bone mass, architecture, and tissue mineral density contribute to bone strength. As body mass (BM) increases any one or combination of these properties could change to maintain structural integrity. To better understand the structural origins of vertebral fragility and gain insight into the mechanisms that govern bone adaptation, we conducted an integrative analysis of bone mass and microarchitecture in the last lumbar vertebral body from nine strepsirhine species, ranging in size from 42 g (Microcebus rufus) to 2,440 g (Eulemur macaco). Bone mass and architecture were assessed via mCT for the whole body and spherical volumes of interest (VOI). Allometric equations were estimated and compared with predictions for geometric scaling, assuming axial compression as the dominant loading regime. Bone mass, microarchitectural, and vertebral body geometric variables predominantly scaled isometrically. Among structural variables, the degree of anisotropy (Tb.DA) was the only parameter independent of BM and other trabecular architectural variables. Tb.DA was related to positional behavior. Orthograde primates had higher average Tb.DA (1.60) and more craniocaudally oriented trabeculae while lorisines had the lowest Tb.DA (1.25), as well as variably oriented trabeculae. Finally, lorisines had the highest ratio of trabecular bone volume to cortical shell volume ($3x) and while there appears to be flexibility in this ratio, the total bone volume (trabecular þ cortical) scales isometrically (BM 1.23 , r 2 ¼ 0.93) and appears tightly constrained. The common pattern of isometry in our measurements leaves open the question of how vertebral bodies in strepsirhine species compensate for increased BM. Anat Rec,

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“…1; Table 2), using established Quant3D software and methods (Ryan and Ketcham, 2002;Hill and Richtsmeier, 2008). Surface areas and volumes were calculated for the entire air cell tract of the temporal bone using Amira software.…”

Section: Data Collection and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The star volume distribution method describes the distribution of bone around a typical point in the chosen volume of interest. In this study, (2004) and Ryan and Ketcham (2002), the star volume distribution method for analyzing anisotropy of bone is described here. Anisotropy is calculated by compiling the intercept and orientation data into a matrix that describes the three-dimensional distribution of the bone within the volume.…”

Section: Data Collection and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic Change in Temporal Bone Pneumatization in Humans

Hill

2011

The Anatomical Record

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Pneumatization of the temporal bone is often included in descriptions of fossils and as a phylogenetic marker, but a number of questions about the evolution, growth, and development of the trait remain. Many studies have analyzed temporal bone pneumatization from a clinical perspective, but a systematic quantification of normal development of pneumatized spaces has not been conducted. In this study, ontogenetic change in the size and organization of temporal bone pneumatization is analyzed in a cross-sectional sample of humans. High resolution computed tomography scans of the temporal bone were acquired from a cross-sectional sample of humans (N ¼ 28). Bone volume fractions, anisotropy, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, surface area, and volume were analyzed to provide information about the organization and size of pneumatized spaces across ontogeny. The results indicate that there are general and region-specific patterns of ontogenetic changes in the organization of pneumatized spaces. These changes reflect the transition from nonpneumatized bone to pneumatized bone. It also demonstrates that those regions that are pneumatized early in ontogeny (such as the mastoid antrum) continue to remodel after the initial period of pneumatization. The dynamic nature of temporal bone pneumatization over ontogeny suggests that this character requires careful consideration when used as a character for phylogenetic analyses. These results demonstrate the importance of comparing individuals from similar developmental stages, especially when completing quantitative analyses of the extent of pneumatization or organization of the spaces. Anat Rec, 294:1103Rec, 294: -1115Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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The three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates

Cited by 136 publications

References 52 publications

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Lumbar Vertebral Body Bone Microstructural Scaling in Small to Medium‐Sized Strepsirhines

Ontogenetic Change in Temporal Bone Pneumatization in Humans

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