This paper is devoted to the Gaussian fluctuations and deviations of the traces of tridiagonal random matrices. Under quite general assumptions, we prove that the traces are approximately normally distributed. A Multi-dimensional central limit theorem is also obtained here. These results have several applications to various physical models and random matrix models, such as the Anderson model, the random birth-death Markov kernel, the random birth-death Q matrix and the β-Hermite ensemble. Furthermore, under an independent-and-identically-distributed condition, we also prove the large deviation principle as well as the moderate deviation principle for the traces.