The third gaze: de-constructing the host gaze in the psychoanalysis of tourism.

Moufakkir, Omar; Reisinger, Yvette

doi:10.1079/9781780640211.0203

Cited by 8 publications

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“…The question that is of interest to tourism gaze studies is, “What makes tourism agents gaze upon each other the way they do during tourism encounters?” (Moufakkir, 2013). The tourism gaze can be negative, positive, or mixed (Chan, 2006; Maoz, 2006; Moufakkir, 2011).…”

Section: Study Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The liminal gaze: Chinese restaurant workers gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in London’s Chinatown

Moufakkir

2017

Tourist Studies

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By examining the host gaze in a third space, this article proposes "liminal gaze" as a concept to study service encounter in light of liminality and cultural hybridity. The dynamics of gaze is examined through the lens of cultural distance with London's Chinatown as the study area. Gaze in tourism has mainly been studied in relation to two distant cultures gazing upon each other. The study tries to understand what happens to the gaze when two cultures, which are neither distant or proximate nor identical but in-between here and there, gaze upon each other. The focus is on Chinese immigrant workers (the guesthosters) gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in Chinatown. Chinatown represents a third space where natives, tourists, and guesthosters meet, gaze, and perform. The gaze of the Chinese guesthosters upon their Chinese guests is negative despite their cultural similarity/ proximity and norms of behavior rooted in Confucian belief. This finding challenges the postulate of cultural distance. The five themes which strongly emerged from the interviews as gaze moderators, including the perceived "boorish" dining behavior of the guests, power distance, acculturation and hybridization, and the perception of the authenticity of the food served, are explained.

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Section: Study Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If not understood, out-of-the-ordinary expectations may contribute to the development of unhealthy host and guest gazes or sustain their negativity. A negative gaze can negatively affect service delivery (Chan, 2006; Maoz, 2006; Moufakkir, 2013) and employee performance (Urry and Larsen, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The liminal gaze: Chinese restaurant workers gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in London’s Chinatown

Moufakkir

2017

Tourist Studies

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“…Topics explored by these researchers include dark tourism (Buda, 2012;Buda & McIntosh, 2013), volunteer tourism (Crossley, 2012a(Crossley, , 2012b(Crossley, , 2014, the politics of enjoyment in the pleasure periphery (Kingsbury, 2005(Kingsbury, , 2011, the tourist or host gaze (MacCannell, 2011(MacCannell, , 2001Moufakkir, 2013;Vye, 2004) and theoretical approaches to the unconscious in tourism (Cömert-Agouridas & Agouridas, 2009). Kingsbury (2005Kingsbury ( , 2011 uses Lacan to explore the ego and fantasy in the context of the Sandals all-inclusive resort in Jamaica.…”

Section: Lacanian Tourism Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cosmopolitan empathy in volunteer tourism: a psychosocial perspective

Crossley

2017

Tourism Recreation Research

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Volunteer tourism provides a means of proximate engagement with usually distant others, emphasising reciprocity, cultural learning and humanitarianism in poor communities. As such, the practice has come to be investigated for its potential to engender global citizenship, a broader scope of emotional identification, and new kinds of progressive transnational social spaces. This paper focuses on the intersection between volunteer tourism and cosmopolitan empathy, outlining an account of cosmopolitan empathy that draws on a Lacanian psychosocial reading of tourist subjectivity. This theorisation conceptualises cosmopolitan empathy as an emergent property of interrelated social and psychic fields, which results in the affect serving both ideological and psychological functions. I argue that bridging geographical distance through travel presents volunteer tourists with encounters that can potentially destabilise the discourses and fantasies of the needy, grateful Other underpinning their experiences of cosmopolitan empathy, thus disrupting the conventional spatial ontology of affect that frequently dominates theoretical discussions of cosmopolitanism. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…The multicultural drama concerns also the gaze of the destination's local populations. The host gaze appears in so many guises (Moufakkir, 2012). In such a climate, polluted with racism -liquid or hard -animosity, xenophobia, Islamophobia, Arabphobia, war, religious fanaticism and terrorism, re-evaluating our understanding of the host gaze in the light of the described CU is a condition necessary to understand today's tourism.…”

Section: Suggestions For Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture shock, what culture shock? Conceptualizing culture unrest in intercultural tourism and assessing its effect on tourists’ perceptions and travel propensity

Moufakkir

2013

Tourist Studies

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Hottola introduced 'culture confusion' as a new theoretical model to overcome the inadequacies of Oberg's 'culture shock'. This article proposed culture unrest as a new conceptualization whereby culture shock is negotiated at home before the overseas trip begins. In the past years, the growing number of immigrants in some countries has transformed culture shock into culture unrest, defined as the context where two cultures live together, but at a level of acceptance that has developed from a state of interest or curiosity to apathy, annoyance or even antagonism. Based on a background of 'multicultural drama', the study examined the perceptions of native Dutch respondents about the Moroccan community resident in the Netherlands and assessed their intentions to visit Morocco in the future. The 'rapid implosion of the "Third World" into the "First"' should no longer go unnoticed in tourism studies.

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The third gaze: de-constructing the host gaze in the psychoanalysis of tourism.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

The liminal gaze: Chinese restaurant workers gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in London’s Chinatown

The liminal gaze: Chinese restaurant workers gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in London’s Chinatown

Cosmopolitan empathy in volunteer tourism: a psychosocial perspective

Culture shock, what culture shock? Conceptualizing culture unrest in intercultural tourism and assessing its effect on tourists’ perceptions and travel propensity

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