The thermodynamics of optical étendue

Markvart, Tom

doi:10.1088/1464-4258/10/01/015008

Cited by 71 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This involves the concept of the opticalétendue, E = AΩ, where A is the near-field beam area and Ω is the solid angle subtended by the beam in the far-field [20,33]. In the treatment of noise in laser amplifiers, theétendue normalised with respect to the wavelength λ, E/λ 2 , is the number of transverse modes that can be supported, E acts as a measure of the quantum states in a beam [33,34]. E is more often invoked in the discussion of light collection, but is equally applicable in the case of SPDC where light is instead, being emitted.…”

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Increasing the dimension in high-dimensional two-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement

et al. 2012

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Any practical experiment utilising the innate D-dimensional entanglement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) state space of photons is subject to the modal capacity of the detection system. We show that given such a constraint, the number of measured, entangled OAM modes in photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) can be maximised by tuning the phase-matching conditions in the SPDC process. We demonstrate a factor of 2 increase on the half-width of the OAM-correlation spectrum, from 10 to 20, the latter implying ≈ 50 -dimensional two-photon OAM entanglement. Exploiting correlations in the conjugate variable, angular position, we measure concurrence values 0.96 and 0.90 for two phase-matching conditions, indicating bipartite, D-dimensional entanglement where D is tuneable.PACS numbers: 03.65. Ud, 03.67.Bg, 03.67.Mn Much attention has been directed to the twodimensional state space of photon polarisation which provides both a conceptually and experimentally accessible playground [1][2][3]. D-dimensional two-photon entanglement, wherein each photon is a D-level quDit taking on any of D possible values, is an even more fertile playground. From a fundamental standpoint, higherdimensional entanglement implies stronger violations of locality [4,5] and is especially useful in the study of mutually unbiased bases in higher dimensions [6]. More relevant to practical applications, higher-dimensional entanglement provides higher information capacity [7,8] and increased security and robustness [8,9]. Experimentally, D-levels in photons can be achieved by using the temporal and spectral degrees of freedom [10], polarisation of more than one photon [11], transverse spatial profile [7], position and linear momentum [12], and angular position and orbital angular momentum [13].The entanglement of orbital angular momentum (OAM) in photons generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is firmly established theoretically and experimentally [14,15]. The interest in OAM stems from its discrete and theoretically infinitedimensional Hilbert space. Since the pioneering experiment of Zeilinger and co-workers ten years ago, OAM and it conjugate variable, angular position, has been steadily gaining ground as a mainstream variable in which to observe quantum correlations. Bell-type and Leggett inequalities have both been violated in twodimensional OAM subspaces analogous to the experiments done previously for polarisation [16,17]. The innate high-dimensional nature of OAM entanglement has been verified in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) type experiment which measured both OAM and angular position [13]. A Bell-type inequality for higher dimensions has been recently violated using OAM states demonstrating experimental, two-photon, 11-dimensional entanglement [5]. The number of entangled OAM states that can be measured, i.e. the measurement spiral bandwidth depends on both the detection capability and the number of OAM states that is generated by the down-conversion process, i.e. the generation...

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Increasing the dimension in high-dimensional two-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement

et al. 2012

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“…Its étendue, however, is conserved. 24 We thus obtain the factor n À2 TCO Á cos h vac =cos h TCO . Schulte et al did not compare the models directly to the measurements but compared them to results obtained with the FDTD method.…”

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A scattering model for nano-textured interfaces and its application in opto-electrical simulations of thin-film silicon solar cells

Jäger

Fischer

Swaaij

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physics

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We present a scattering model based on the scalar scattering theory that allows estimating far field scattering properties in both transmission and reflection for nano-textured interfaces. We first discuss the theoretical formulation of the scattering model and validate it for nano-textures with different morphologies. Second, we combine the scattering model with the opto-electric ASA simulation software and evaluate this combination by simulating and measuring the external parameters and the external quantum efficiency of solar cells with different interface morphologies. This validation shows that the scattering model is able to predict the influence of nano-textured interfaces on the solar cell performance. The scattering model presented in this manuscript can support designing nano-textured interfaces with optimized morphologies. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics.

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“…For example, the distribution of photons emitted at temperature T as a result of recombination of electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band of a semiconductor takes the modified formÑµ(ω, T, µγ) = (︀ exp (︀ ( ω − µγ)/k B T )︀ − 1 )︀ −1 , where µγ = µe + µ h . µe and µ h are the chemical potentials of the electron and holes in the emitter [9,11,[28][29][30]. It should be noted that these chemical potential values can only be established after charge carriers reach thermal quasiequilibrium among themselves within each energy band, forming the quasi-Fermi energy levels for the electron (Fe) and hole (F h ) distributions in the conduction and valence bands, respectively, so that µγ = Fe − F h .…”

Section: Photon Statistics Temperature and Chemical Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat meets light on the nanoscale

et al. 2016

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Abstract:We discuss the state-of-the-art and remaining challenges in the fundamental understanding and technology development for controlling light-matter interactions in nanophotonic environments in and away from thermal equilibrium. The topics covered range from the basics of the thermodynamics of light emission and absorption to applications in solar thermal energy generation, thermophotovoltaics, optical refrigeration, personalized cooling technologies, development of coherent incandescent light sources, and spinoptics.Keywords: thermal emission; absorption; spectral selectivity; angular selectivity; optical refrigeration; solar thermal energy conversion; thermophotovoltaics; nearfield heat transfer; photon density of states; thermal upconversion; radiative cooling Thermodynamics of light and heatControl and optimization of energy conversion processes involving photon absorption and radiation require detailed understanding of thermodynamic properties of radiation as well as its interaction with matter [1-5]. Historically, thermodynamic treatment of electromagnetic radiation began over a century ago with Planck applying the thermodynamic principles established for a gas of material particles to an analogous "photon gas" [1]. In particular, he showed that thermodynamic parameters, such as the energy, volume, temperature, and pressure can be applied to electromagnetic radiation, reflecting the dual wave-particle nature of photons. In this section, we will review the general thermodynamic principles governing photon propagation and interaction with matter, as well

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The thermodynamics of optical étendue

Cited by 71 publications

References 20 publications

Increasing the dimension in high-dimensional two-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement

Increasing the dimension in high-dimensional two-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement

A scattering model for nano-textured interfaces and its application in opto-electrical simulations of thin-film silicon solar cells

Heat meets light on the nanoscale

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