The thermodynamics of amorphous phases in immiscible systems: The example of sputter-deposited Nb–Cu alloys

Michaelsen, C.; Gente, C.; Bormann, R.

doi:10.1063/1.364451

Cited by 59 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, the yield from copper in the alloy is distinct from the niobium peak and reveals no enrichment of copper [ Fig. 4(c)], with an upper limit of ¾1 ð 10 15 Nb atoms cm 2 . The yield from oxygen in the film, at lower channel numbers that are not shown in Fig.…”

Section: Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Behaviour of copper and generation of oxygen during anodizing of Nb-Cu alloys

Mato

Skeldon

Thompson

et al. 2000

Surf. Interface Anal.

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The anodic oxidation behaviour of two compositions of Nb–Cu alloy is examined with particular reference to the oxidation of copper at the alloy/film interface and the generation of oxygen within the anodic film. Anodizing of an Nb–3 at.% Cu alloy results in a uniform, niobia‐based anodic film, with copper species, which migrate faster than Nb5+ ions, distributed throughout the film. The oxidation of copper proceeds without significant enrichment of copper in the alloy. Further, the film is free of bubbles of oxygen, which is not generated in significant amounts during film growth to relatively high voltages. In contrast, copious amounts of oxygen are generated during anodizing of an Nb–30 at.% Cu alloy, with the consequential development of a highly flawed anodic film of non‐uniform thickness. The oxygen is present mainly in numerous bubbles located within the niobia‐based film material. Bursting of the bubbles, with release of trapped oxygen, leads to a highly damaged film. The continuous generation of oxygen consumes much of the current and limits the anodizing voltage to a low value. The large‐scale generation of oxygen for the more concentrated alloy is suggested to be associated with the distribution of copper in the alloy, with copper having a tendency to form copper‐rich clusters, which are enhanced in size by an initial brief period of uniform film growth. Oxygen is then generated, probably following oxidation of such clusters. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Behaviour of copper and generation of oxygen during anodizing of Nb-Cu alloys

Mato

Skeldon

Thompson

et al. 2000

Surf. Interface Anal.

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“…In general, the formation of amorphous phases is promoted in alloy systems where: 162,163 1. The heat of mixing is strongly negative, hence in systems with strong tendency for compound formation.…”

Section: F O R M At I O N O F a M O R P H O U S T H I N F I L M Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Characterization of Amorphous Multicomponent Nitride Thin Films

Fager¹

2014

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This thesis explores deposition of amorphous thin films based on the two transition metal nitride systems, TiN and HfN. Additions of Si, Al and B have been investigated using three different deposition techniques: dc magnetron sputtering, cathodic arc evaporation, and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS). The effect of elemental composition, bonding structure, growth temperature, and low-energy ion bombardment during growth has been investigated and correlated to the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of the films. The thermal stability has been investigated by annealing experiments. Deposition by cathodic arc evaporation yields dense and homogeneous coatings with essentially fully electron-diffraction amorphous structures with additions of either Al+Si, B+Si or B+Al+Si to TiN. The B-containing coatings have unusually few macroparticles. Annealing experiments show that Ti-Al-Si-N coatings have an age hardening behavior, which is not as clear for B-containing coatings. Compositional layering, due to rotation of the sample fixture during deposition, is present but not always visible in the as-deposited state. The layering acts as a template for renucleation during annealing. The coatings recrystallize by growth of TiN-rich domains. Amorphous growth by conventional dc magnetron sputtering is possible over a wide range of compositions for Ti-B-Si-N thin films. The Ti content in the films is reduced compared to the content in the sputtering target. Without Si, the films consist of a BN onion-like structure surrounding TiN nanograins. With additions of Si the films eventually grows fully amorphous. The growth temperature has only minor effect on the microstructure, due to the limited surface diffusion at the investigated temperature range (100-600 °C). Ion assisted growth leads to nanoscale densification of the films and improved mechanical properties. Ti-B-Si-N thin films are also deposited by a hybrid technique where dc magnetron sputtering is combined with HIPIMS. Here, the Ti:B ratio remains equal to the target composition. Films with low Si content are porous with TiN nanograins separated by BN-rich amorphous channels and have low hardness. Increasing Si contents yield fully electron-amorphous films with higher hardness. Finally, Hf-Al-Si-N single-layer and multilayer films are grown by dc magnetron sputtering from a single Hf-Al-Si target. Amorphous growth is achieved when the growth temperature was kept at its minimum. Low-energy substrate bias modulation is used to grow nanocomposite/nanocolumnar multilayers from the single Hf-Al-Si target, where the layers has essentially the same composition but different Si bonding structure, and different degree of crystallinity

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“…Examples of such systems are Ag-Ni , Cu-Nb , Ag-Cu (Albe et al 2012;Michaelson et al 1997;Duwez et al 1960), Ag-Fe (Ma 2003), Ag-Gd (Hauser 1975), Cu-Ta (Nastasi et al 1985) and Cu-W (Nastasi et al 1985).…”

Section: Multi-phase Nano-glasses (A) Production Of Multi-phase Nano-mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Way from Today's Materials to New Kinds of Amorphous Solids: Nano-glasses

Gleiter¹

2014

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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The thermodynamics of amorphous phases in immiscible systems: The example of sputter-deposited Nb–Cu alloys

Cited by 59 publications

References 30 publications

Behaviour of copper and generation of oxygen during anodizing of Nb-Cu alloys

Behaviour of copper and generation of oxygen during anodizing of Nb-Cu alloys

Growth and Characterization of Amorphous Multicomponent Nitride Thin Films

The Way from Today's Materials to New Kinds of Amorphous Solids: Nano-glasses

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