The therapist variable in the implosion of phobias.

Kirchner, John H.; Hogan, Robert A.

doi:10.1037/h0087919

Cited by 66 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…After repetition of a particular scene in imagination, the subject is given the opportunity to act out the scene and is encouraged to verbalize his own role-playing behavior. In addition, sound effects are at times used to make the subjects' imaginary experiences as realistic as possible (Kirchner & Hogan, 1966). McLemore (1972) has presented data indicating that imagery per se is not as 58 important in behavior therapy as is sometimes indicated.…”

Section: Thinking and Imagining In Hypnosis And Behavior Therapymentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy: Common Denominators

Np¹,

1973

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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In this paper, the relationships between hypnosis and behavior therapy are examined on two levels. First, the authors consider the contention that a "hypnotic state" mediates some of the therapeutic changes that are seen in behavior therapy. Logical and empirical problems pertaining to the hypothetical construct "hypnotic state" or "trance" are specified and it is concluded that the construct is not useful in explaining the changes in behavior observed in either hypnotic situations or in behavior therapy situations. Secondly, the authors focus on parallels between hypnotic situations and those behavior therapy situations that make subjects' imaginings the pivot of therapeutic change. Four sets of variables are delineated that appear to play a role in mediating the changes in behavior seen in both hypnotic and behavior therapy situations: (a) motivational variables, (b) attitudinal and expectancy variables, (c) the specific wording of the suggestions or instructions, and (d) circumscribed cognitive processes (e.g., goal-directed imagining) occurring in response to the suggestions or instructions.

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Section: Thinking and Imagining In Hypnosis And Behavior Therapymentioning

confidence: 98%

Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy: Common Denominators

Np¹,

1973

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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“…(1) massive exposure to subjectively threatening stimuli without aver sive consequences (Kirschner and Hogan, 1966). (2) exposure to graduated intensities of aversive stimuli in the absence of aversive consequences (Walton and Mather.…”

Section: Chapi'er II Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The structuring of procedures utilized in an adult stuttering treatment program

Prichard¹

2000

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In recent years. operant conditioning techniques have been effectively used to modify ~ variety of behaviors. For the most part, . , the modification of stuttering behavior has relied solely on the use of punishment. The shaping of "fluencyll through differential rein. ' forcement has been reported as a behavioral approach for the treat ment of stuttering; however, the effectiveness of this technique in combination with other "teaching" tools, such as, modeling, instruc tion, and explanation has not been reported in the literature.The purpose of this study was to construct behavioral defini tions of terminology utilized in a stuttering treatment program at Portland State University to produce "self... monitored normal, fluent speech" and to structure the procedures of this program with regard to baseline, conditioning, and extinction in order to provide a base for further research leading to the standardization of procedures for this program.A 35 year old male was chosen as the subject for this study. AcknowLedgetnents and appreciation of their help and support is extended to: the judges who rated "severity of stuttering ll --Dr. Special gratitude is expres sed to Dr. Robert L. Casteel, my chairman, for suggesting this study; for the sharing of his ideas for, and approaches to, the correction of stuttering, without which this project would never have been initiated; for the giving of his time to question, discuss, criticize and praise my methods of approach to the treatment of stuttering; and for the guidanc~ and reassurance he gave me throughout this study.

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“…( 1 ) Implosive therapy, under appropriate conditions of exposure, appears to reduce significantly both avoidance behavior and subjective reports of fear. Between these two extremes, the automated tape procedure of Kirchner and Hogan (1966) represented implosive scenes varying in length from 4 min. These findings may be modified by future research; neither the total number of aversive scenes nor the optimum duration for each scene has been determined.…”

Section: Final Conclusion and Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is, however, a serious discrepancy between the verbalized theory and the actual therapeutic operations. Kirchner and Hogan (1966), for example, demonstrated the effectiveness of 1 hr. Kirchner and Hogan (1966), for example, demonstrated the effectiveness of 1 hr.…”

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confidence: 99%

Review of Flooding Procedures (Implosion) in Animals and Man

1973

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The literature involving the use of flooding procedures to achieve fear reduction in both human and infra-human Ss is critically reviewed with reference to techniques, important parameters and theoretical explanations. Much of the research has produced variable and conflicting results due to poor experimental control and confounding, yielding difficulties in interpretation. The following representative conclusions are suggested: (a) stimulus flooding, appropriately administered, appears an effective method of fear reduction; ( b ) the theoretical importance of hypothesized sequential cues is questioned on the basis that the construct serves as neither an explanatory nor a predictive vehicle; (c) parameters accounting for change are not well delineated, but duration of the flooding scene, the quality of its aversiveness to S, and S's initial degree of avoidance behavior appear important; ( d ) extinction as an explanatory principle is seriously overused and alternative constructs from adaptation level theory, modeling theory, and cognitive rehearsal may be involved. Innovative modifications suggest new and interesting research on elicitation of affect and interpretation.

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The therapist variable in the implosion of phobias.

Cited by 66 publications

References 2 publications

Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy: Common Denominators

Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy: Common Denominators

The structuring of procedures utilized in an adult stuttering treatment program

Review of Flooding Procedures (Implosion) in Animals and Man

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