The Therapeutic Potential of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Diseases

Santis, Maria De; Selmi, Carlo

doi:10.1007/s12016-011-8293-8

Cited by 109 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…The concept of Bmolecular mimicry^asserts that antigens circulating in blood following infection by viruses or bacteria can (in some people) prompt the development of antibodies recognizing human proteins [79]. Using animal models, McClain et al demonstrated that immunization with either a specific EBNA peptide or a very similar SSA 60 (Ro) peptide will lead to the formation of anti-SSA 60 antibodies and these animals eventually acquire symptoms characteristic of lupus [80].…”

Section: Periodontal Infections Smoking and Aplmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview

Binder

Litwin

2016

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

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Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, specifically lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-β2 glycoprotein-I antibodies. Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur on its own or in association with other autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A connection between cigarette smoking and anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) was first reported in the late1980s. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients with aPL are more likely to be smokers than those without aPL. These patients have a particularly high frequency of vascular events. Recently, a potential link between periodontitis, tobacco, and aPL has been proposed. Research has also suggested that periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis infection are associated with citrullination through the action of peptidylarginine deiminase. A strong correlation between smoking and the presence of citrillunated autoantibodies, which are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis, has also been observed. While many studies have investigated possible links between infection and aPL in patients with autoimmune diseases, the association of smoking with aPL has not been systematically examined. The fact that both aPL and tobacco are risk factors for thrombosis has complicated efforts to evaluate these factors separately. Also, there has been great variability in measurement techniques, and laboratories lack routine methods for differentiating transient and persistent aPL; both of these factors can make interpretation of autoantibody results quite challenging. This review summarizes the clinical evidence supporting a posited link between aPL and smoking, both in patients with a systemic autoimmune disease and in patients with other medical conditions.

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Section: Periodontal Infections Smoking and Aplmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview

Binder

Litwin

2016

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

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“…Indeed, HDACIs are currently the most widely studied epigenetic therapeutics for treating inflammatory diseases because they are orally active, safe, and well tolerated at low doses [135]. When histone modification was studied in autoimmune diseases, global H3 and H4 hypoacetylation and hypermethylation were found in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients, accompanied with the decreased level of HATs [152].…”

Section: Histone Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A growing number of studies both in patients and experimental models propose that epigenetic regulation may hold the key to a better understanding of the initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases. More specifically, studies demonstrating the impact of epigenetic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and other autoimmune diseases have been published [62,135,82,88,136].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetics and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Comprehensive Review and Implications for Autoimmunity

Xie

Lian

2015

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

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Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that develops based upon the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of predisposing variants including HLA, IL12A, and CTLA4 but have been disappointed in identifying a "smoking gun." These discoveries highlight the importance of the genetic background involved in immunological dysregulation. Although concordance rate of PBC in monozygotic (MZ) twins is among the highest reported in autoimmune disorders, incomplete disease concordance in twins associated with differentially expressed genes has been demonstrated. However, little is understood about how environmental aspects contribute to the disease and why middle-aged women are more susceptible. As a result, epigenetic factors, which convert signals indicating environmental changes into dynamic and heritable alterations of transcriptional potential, are getting increased attention by researchers in both basic and clinical studies. Among epigenetic mechanisms, the instability and skewed gene expression in the X chromosome may account for the female preponderance in PBC. In addition, transcriptional regulation of histone modification and DNA methylation underscores potential involvement in disease pathogenesis. High-throughput techniques are being used to identify epigenetic regulators. In this review, we attempt to outline recent progress regarding epigenetics in PBC and other autoimmune diseases.

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“…Importantly, such changes of gene expression can be mediated by environmental factors (e.g. diet, smoking, infectionsall of which have been implicated in CD aetiology), and can occur within an individual's lifetime subsequently persisting for multiple generations [ 11 ]. One example of epigenetics is a study that examined rectal biopsies, which found that the gene ULK1 was methylated only in patients with CD [ 12 ].…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology and Clinical Features of Crohn’s Disease

Chan

Hart

2014

Crohn's Disease

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The aetiology of Crohn's disease is largely unknown, but probably involves a combination of genetic, immunological and environmental factors. This chapter describes the incidence of Crohn's disease and the methodological approaches used to investigate the aetiology. Exposures which could infl uence the risk of Crohn's disease are discussed, including genetics, smoking, habitual diet, the gut microbiota and commonly prescribed medications, including non-steroidal antiinfl ammatory drugs and oral contraceptives. An overview of the clinical features of Crohn's disease is also presented.

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The Therapeutic Potential of Epigenetics in Autoimmune Diseases

Cited by 109 publications

References 170 publications

Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview

Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview

Epigenetics and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Comprehensive Review and Implications for Autoimmunity

Aetiology and Clinical Features of Crohn’s Disease

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