The theoretical status of latent variables.

Abstract

This article examines the theoretical status of latent variables as used in modern test theory models. First, it is argued that a consistent interpretation of such models requires a realist ontology for latent variables. Second, the relation between latent variables and their indicators is discussed. It is maintained that this relation can be interpreted as a causal one but that in measurement models for interindividual differences the relation does not apply to the level of the individual person. To substantiate intraindividual causal conclusions, one must explicitly represent individual level processes in the measurement model. Several research strategies that may be useful in this respect are discussed, and a typology of constructs is proposed on the basis of this analysis. The need to link individual processes to latent variable models for interindividual differences is emphasized.

Adult Age Differences in Covariation of Motivation and Working Memory Performance: Contrasting Between-Person and Within-Person Findings

“…We thereby tested the ergodicity assumption, that is, the often-made, highly debated, and rarely tested assumption of an equivalence of within-and between-person structures of psychological variables (Borsboom, Mellenbergh, & van Heerden, 2003;Lindenberger & Oertzen, 2006;Molenaar, 2004). The relations among effort, enjoyment, and WM can involve between-person effects, in the sense that individuals who put much effort into performance achieve better results, and withinperson effects, such that days with more effort are better performance days.…”

(Part of) the case for a pragmatic approach to validity: Comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).

“…However, this assertion is left undeveloped, both in the 2004 article and in Borsboom, Mellenbergh, and van Heerden (2003).…”

A Conceptual and Psychometric Framework for Distinguishing Categories and Dimensions.

“…For a discussion of the epistemological status of latent variables, see Borsboom, Mellenbergh, and van Heerden's (2003) article. Latent dimensions are invoked as underlying quantities that determine data or functions thereof, such as the sum score.…”