The thalamic connections with medial area 6 (supplementary motor cortex) in the monkey (macaca fascicularis)

Wiesendanger, R.; Wiesendanger, M.

doi:10.1007/bf00237670

Cited by 158 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our results on subcortical inputs to the SMA are in accord with the findings of previous studies that used conventional trac- ers (Schell and Strick, 1984;Wiesendanger and Wiesendanger, 1985a;Rouiller et al, 1994;Shindo et al, 1995;Matelli et al, 1996;Sakai et al, 1999Sakai et al, , 2002. In general, these studies found that (1) the most substantial input to the SMA originates from thalamic nuclei that are the target of basal ganglia efferents and (2) pallidal terminations are denser than cerebellar terminations in the thalamic nuclei that project to the SMA [for references and recent reviews, see Rouiller et al (1994) and Sakai et al (1999Sakai et al ( , 2002].…”

Section: M1supporting

confidence: 90%

“…The origin of this variability is unclear, but it does not appear to be correlated with experimental factors such as survival time, total volume of virus injected, or number of sites injected. More importantly, similar variations have been observed in other studies that used conventional tracers to define origin of thalamic projections to the SMA (Schell and Strick, 1984;Wiesendanger and Wiesendanger, 1985a;Darian-Smith et al, 1990;Rouiller et al, 1994Rouiller et al, , 1999Shindo et al, 1995;Matelli and Luppino, 1996;Sakai et al, 1999Sakai et al, , 2002. In particular, the ratio of neurons labeled in basal ganglia recipient nuclei of the thalamus (VLo, VApc, VLm, VLcr) to neurons labeled in cerebellar recipient nuclei (X, …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The SMA has been considered to be an important target of basal ganglia output (Schell and Strick, 1984;Wiesendanger and Wiesendanger, 1985a;Alexander et al, 1986;Darian-Smith et al, 1990;Rouiller et al, 1994Rouiller et al, , 1999Shindo et al, 1995;Matelli and Luppino, 1996;Sakai et al, 1999Sakai et al, , 2002. In addition, Wiesendanger and Wiesendanger (1985a,b) provided some evidence for cerebellar input to the SMA, especially to its rostral portion, which is now recognized as the pre-SMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output

Akkal¹,

Dum²,

Strick³

2007

J. Neurosci.

397

297

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We used retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses in Cebus monkeys to examine the organization of basal ganglia and cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four times greater than the number of dentate neurons that project to these cortical areas. GPi neurons that project to the pre-SMA are located in a rostral, "associative" territory of the nucleus, whereas GPi neurons that project to the SMA are located in a more caudal and ventral "sensorimotor" territory. Similarly, dentate neurons that project to the pre-SMA are located in a ventral, "nonmotor" domain of the nucleus, whereas dentate neurons that project to the SMA are located in a more dorsal, "motor" domain. The differential origin of subcortical projections to the SMA and pre-SMA suggests that these cortical areas are nodes in distinct neural systems. Although both systems are the target of outputs from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, these two cortical areas seem to be dominated by basal ganglia input.

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Section: M1supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output

Akkal¹,

Dum²,

Strick³

2007

J. Neurosci.

397

297

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“…The cerebellar activation sites in lobule-VI were coactivated with pre-SMA and dPMC, as were the previously mentioned sites observed by Rees et al (1997). Anatomical connections between the cerebellum and dPMC and pre-SMA have been demonstrated in monkeys (Wiesendanger and Wiesendanger, 1985;Matelli and Luppino, 1996). Dorsal PMC and pre-SMA are involved in higher-order aspects of motor planning, and particularly the human dPMC has been shown to be involved in decision processes that precede motor output (Leonards et al, 2000;Peuskens et al, 2001).…”

Section: Role Of the Distinct Cerebellar Activation Sitessupporting

confidence: 73%

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

et al. 2003

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We investigated the contribution of the human cerebellum to cerebral function during visual discrimination using PET and fMRI. The cognitive task was a successive discrimination of shades of brown with a parametric variation of the stimulus presentation rate and a constant task difficulty. The successive color discrimination task was contrasted to a dimming detection control task, with identical retinal input but with double the number of motor responses. Three sets of activated cerebellar and cerebral regions were observed: rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks and a motor-and-detection network. The rate-dependent color discrimination network included both an anterior and a posterior activation site in lobule-VI of the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres, whereas the rate-independent network involved a bilateral activation site in lateral Crus-I. Cerebellar sites of the motor-and-detection network were located in medial lobule-V bilaterally, in the vermis, and in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II. An additional fMRI study was performed to control for differences in motor output and response timing between the tasks. In this control study, the cerebellar activation sites of the rate-dependent and rate-independent color discrimination networks remained unaltered. The motor-and-detection network included cerebellar activations in posterior left Crus-I and right Crus-II, but none in lobule-V or the vermis. Thus, cerebellar activation sites of the motor-and-detection network could be subdivided into those related to a motor network and those belonging to a dimming detection network. We conclude that successive color discrimination activates multiple, functionally distinct cerebellar regions.

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“…The labeled neurons within the deep cerebellar nuclei were confined to caudal portions of the anterior interpositus nucleus and to dorsal portions of midrostrocaudal levels of the dentate nucleus. In prior studies, the same region of dentate contained labeled neurons after transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate from the arm area of the primary motor cortex (8,19). Furthermore, the locations of labeled neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei and in the internal segment of the globus pallidus correspond to the regions of these nuclei where electrophysiological studies have found neuron activity related to arm movements (e.g., refs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Direction of transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus 1 in the primate motor system is strain-dependent.

Zemanick

Strick

Dix

1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

195

136

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We ex the axonal transport of two strain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) within the central nervous system ofcebus monkeys. Each strain was inijected into the "arm area" of the primry motor cortex. One strain, HSV-1(McIntyre-B), was transported transneuronaly in the retrograde direction. It infected neurons at sites known to project to the arm area of the primary motor cortex (e.g., ventrolateral thalamus). In addition-, "second-order" neurons were labeled in the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate and interpositus) and in the globus pallidus (internal s ). This result supports the concept that the arm area of the primary motor cortex is a target of both cerebellar and basal ganglia output. In contrast, the other strain, HSV-1(H129), was transported transneuronally in the anterograde direction. It infected neurons at sites known to receive input from the arm area of the primary motor cortex (e.g., putamen, pontine nuclei). In addition, "third-order" neurons were labeled in the cerebellar cortex (granule and Golgi celis) and in the globus paldus (largely the external segment). Our observations suggest that strain differences have an important impact on the direction of transneuronal transport of HSV-1. Furthermore, it should be possible to examine the organization of cerebeflar and basal ganglia loops with cerebral-cortex by exploiting tusneuronal transport of HSV-1 and virus strain differences.Part .of the neural substrate for the central control of movement in primates is formed by multiple "loops" between the cerebral cortex and two subcortical centers, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. These circuits are thought to be involved in many aspects of motor behavior, including the programming, initiation, and regulation of limb movement (e.g., refs. 1-4). In recent experiments, we have begun to explore the structure of these loops by using transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). In the course of these studies, we made the surprising observation that the direction of transneuronal transport within these circuits depends on the specific strain of HSV-1 inoculated into the animal. To illustrate this result, in this report we describe some of the patterns of transneuronal-transport of two strains of HSV-1 within the pathways that link the "arm area" of the primary motor cortex with the basal ganglia and cerebellum. MATERIALS AND METHODSEither the H129 strain (5) (1.5 x 1012 plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml, n = 2; 8.0 x 1010 pfu/ml, n = 1) or the McIntyre-B strain (6) (6.1 x 10P pfu/ml, n = 2) ofHSV-1 was injected into the left arm area of the primary motor cortex (7) of cebus monkeys (Cebus apella). Each animal was anesthetized with ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and Nembutal (sodium pentobarbital, 25 mg/kg, i.p.), and 0.05 jul of virus was injected at each of six cortical sites. The surgical procedures used have been described in detail (8,9). The injection sites included both the crest of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. Two to three days after inoculation, anima...

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The thalamic connections with medial area 6 (supplementary motor cortex) in the monkey (macaca fascicularis)

Cited by 158 publications

References 22 publications

Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output

Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output

Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: a human functional imaging study

Direction of transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus 1 in the primate motor system is strain-dependent.

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