The Tetrahydroisoquinoline Scaffold in ABC Transporter Inhibitors that Act as Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversers

Abstract

Background: The failure of anticancer chemotherapy is often due to the development of resistance to a variety of anticancer drugs. This phenomenon is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and is related to the overexpression of ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and breast cancer resistance protein. Over the past few decades, several ABC protein modulators have been discovered and studied as a possible approach to evade MDR and increase the success of anticancer chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the co-administration of pump inhibitors with cytotoxic drugs, which are substrates of the transporters, does not appear to be associated with an improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor agents. However, more recently discovered MDR reversing agents, such as the two tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives tariquidar and elacridar, are characterized by high affinity towards the ABC proteins and by reduced negative properties. Consequently, many analogs of these two derivatives have been synthesized, with the aim of optimizing their MDR reversal properties. Objective and Results: The aim of this review is to describe the MDR modulators carrying the tetraidroisoquinoline scaffold reported in literature in the period 2009-2021, highlighting the structural characteristics that confer potency and/or selectivity towards the three ABC transport proteins. Conclusions: Many compounds have been synthesized in the last twelve years showing interesting properties, both in terms of potency and selectivity. Although clear structure–activity relationships can be drawn only considering strictly related compounds, some of the compounds reviewed could be promising starting points for the design of new ABC protein inhibitors.