The Territorial Prior-Residence Effect and Children's Behavior in Social Dilemmas

Abstract

Research on territorial behavior has focused on animal populations, and relatively little has dealt with territoriality in humans, except in the area of human sports. This study was an investigation of the prior-residence effect on children's behavior in social dilemmas. The analysis was carried out by means of research designed for preschool children who played a dictator game and an ultimatum game. This study demonstrates the advantages of being on one's own turf. The authors found that children playing in their own classroom obtained more from games than did those playing in their partners' classroom. In contrast, not being in their own classroom and not having the power to dictate in the ultimatum game were seen as an underlying reason why children propose more offers to their partners. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the evolution of prosocial behavior are discussed.

The Effect of the Irreversible Inequality on Pro-social Behaviors of People With Disabilities

“…When individuals have a different status but are not in a competitive circumstance, “in-group favoritism”— e.g., individuals offer more cooperation to the intra-group than to the inter-group (Masuda, 2012), but to some extent, this may not always be the case. Individuals in irreversible dominance were against the “intra-group favoritism,” and offered more cooperation, which supports that individuals with an advantage would provide more help (Han et al, 2009; Kraus et al, 2011; Rao et al, 2011; DeCelles et al, 2012; Williams, 2014). In the current study, when they faced inter-group members, people without disabilities offered more than they expected others would cooperate with them.…”

“…Some studies show that compared to disadvantaged people (low-power individuals), people in a dominant position (high-power individuals) always show more selfishness, hindering their understanding of others’ emotions, keeps them away from others, and inhibits their pro-social behaviors (Lammers and Stapel, 2011; Gwinn et al, 2013; Magee and Smith, 2013). Other studies demonstrate that individuals in a dominant position always show more pro-social behaviors due to the evoked altruistic traits and enhanced control of valuable resources, than those in a dominated position (Han et al, 2009; Kraus et al, 2011; Rao et al, 2011; DeCelles et al, 2012; Williams, 2014; Liu et al, 2018), and disadvantaged people always show more pro-social behaviors toward others, than advantaged people do (Han et al, 2009; Rao et al, 2011). Han et al (2009) showed that pre-school children playing in their own classroom made fewer offers (cookies) in the game than those cooperating with others.…”

“…Other studies demonstrate that individuals in a dominant position always show more pro-social behaviors due to the evoked altruistic traits and enhanced control of valuable resources, than those in a dominated position (Han et al, 2009; Kraus et al, 2011; Rao et al, 2011; DeCelles et al, 2012; Williams, 2014; Liu et al, 2018), and disadvantaged people always show more pro-social behaviors toward others, than advantaged people do (Han et al, 2009; Rao et al, 2011). Han et al (2009) showed that pre-school children playing in their own classroom made fewer offers (cookies) in the game than those cooperating with others. Liu et al (2018) found that disabled people preferred to interact with other disabled people and had higher cooperation, satisfaction and sense of justice when interacting with disabled people than when interacting with abled people.…”

“…There is evidence that people with disabilities have lower social capital than people without disabilities (Mithen et al, 2015). Many studies have shown that reversible inequality (e.g., wealth, power, and status) influences pro-social behaviors (Han et al, 2009; Rao et al, 2011; Caprara et al, 2012; Inesi et al, 2012; Lammers et al, 2012; Cai et al, 2016). However, there are still some controversies over the issue of irreversible inequality among people with disabilities.…”

The effects of quality of shelters and prior residence on Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish)

“…A similar experience factor that affects intraspecific competition is known as a 'prior residence effect', in which residents have a greater likelihood of dominating intruders or newcomers (Braddock, 1949). A prior residence effect is found in mammals including humans, birds, fish, frogs and insects (Davies, 1978;Baugh and Forester, 1994;Huntingford and Leaniz, 1997;Faria et al, 1998;Snell-Rood and Cristol, 2005;Han et al, 2009;Nijman and Heuts, 2011). This effect has also been reported in various decapod crustaceans, including lobsters (Karnofsky et al, 1989), prawns (Evans and Shehadi-Moacdieh, 1988), fiddler crabs (Hyatt and Salmon, 1978) and crayfish (Peeke et al, 1995;Figler et al, 1999Figler et al, , 2005Herberholz et al, 2007;Klar and Crowley, 2012).…”