The ‘terrific Tongking typhoon’ of October 1881 – implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times

Terry, James P.; Winspear, Nigel; Cường, Trần Quốc

doi:10.1002/wea.882

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Section 2.3.4. explains that the fatality total of this event was not 300,000 but more likely around 3000 [ Dechevrens , ; Terry et al ., ] or perhaps as high as 20,000 [ Bankoff , ]. Dube et al .…”

Section: Western North Pacific (Includes All Of East Asia)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was a typhoon called Tongking or Haiphong, and it struck Vietnam but also likely inflicted damage on extreme South China. Section 2.3.4. explains that the fatality total of this event was not 300,000 but more likely around 3000 [Dechevrens, 1882;Terry et al, 2012] or perhaps as high as 20,000 [Bankoff, 2003]. Dube et al [1997] provide the year as 1886, which is likely incorrect, as all other sources provide 1881.…”

Section: Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

Needham

Keim

Sathiaraj

2015

Reviews of Geophysics

220

115

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Tropical cyclone-generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and destructive natural hazards. This paper provides the first comprehensive global review of tropical storm surge data sources, observations, and impacts while archiving data in SURGEDAT, a global database. Available literature has provided data for more than 700 surge events since 1880, the majority of which are found in the western North Atlantic (WNA), followed by Australia/Oceania, the western North Pacific (WNP), and the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The Bay of Bengal (BOB) in the NIO consistently observes the world's highest surges, as this subbasin averages five surges ≥5 m per decade and has observed credible storm tide levels reaching 13.7 m. The WNP observes the highest rate of low-magnitude surges, as the coast of China averages 54 surges ≥1 m per decade, and rates are likely higher in the Philippines. The U.S. Gulf Coast observes the second highest frequency of both high-magnitude (≥5 m) and low-magnitude (≥1 m) surges. The BOB observes the most catastrophic surge impacts, as 59% of global tropical cyclones that have killed at least 5000 people occurred in this basin. The six deadliest cyclones in this region have each killed at least 140,000 people, and two events have killed 300,000. Storm surge impacts transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors in the WNA. Oceania experiences long-term impacts, including contamination of fresh water and loss of food supplies, although the highest surges in this region are lower than most other basins.

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Section: Western North Pacific (Includes All Of East Asia)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

Needham

Keim

Sathiaraj

2015

Reviews of Geophysics

220

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To illustrate, the ‘Terrific Tongking Typhoon’ of October 1881 typhoon followed an atypical curving track in the South China Sea. The powerful storm surge that was funnelled into the Gulf of Tonkin inundated the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam causing over 3000 fatalities (Terry et al , ). Fourth, tropical storms that follow convoluted tracks with complex shape elements such as loops and backtracks can be very difficult to forecast in real time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric analysis of tropical storm and hurricane tracks in the North Atlantic basin using a sinuosity‐based approach

Terry

Kim

2014

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Quantitative analysis is carried on the shape of over 420 tropical storm and hurricane tracks in the North Atlantic basin for the period 1965–2011. A sinuosity metric is used as the basis for track morphometry, applied to best‐track data accessed from the IBTrACs archive maintained by NOAA. GIS tools, track mapping according to sinuosity category, and various statistical analyses permit temporal and spatial patterns in track shape to be identified and investigated. Temporal analysis reveals no underlying long‐term trend in track sinuosity over the past 4.5 decades, implying an absence of climatic‐change forcing on storm migration behaviour at the basin scale. Instead, large inter‐annual variability dominates, although it is possible to observe episodes of notable cyclic swings in average sinuosity towards straighter or more sinuous tracks. Seasonality in track behaviour is pronounced, as similarly reported for other ocean basins. Predictable straight and quasi‐straight track types are more common (64–100%) during the early months (May to July) of the hurricane season, with this reversing at the peak and later phase of the season (September, November) to a predominance for quasi‐sinuous and sinuous tracks (58–70%). In spatial terms, track morphometric analysis according to 10° longitudinal zone of cyclogenesis is valuable, revealing that storm origin is reasonably indicative of likely track shape over the subsequent lifespan. Thus, while 62–68% of storms spawned west of 80°W in the Caribbean Sea – Gulf of Mexico region show a tendency to follow straighter tracks, 67–72% of storms formed east of 40°W in the central‐eastern North Atlantic subsequently describe more sinuous tracks. Overall, these patterns are seen to influence the geographic potential of storm landfall. This is important for societal vulnerability on coastlines at risk, since storms exhibiting higher track sinuosity generally prove to survive longer, migrate farther and therefore display greater potential for inflicting damage over wider areas.

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“…Given the shallow bathymetry of the bay, even a relatively weak system may be able to generate a storm surge risk. A comparison can be made with the Tongkin Typhoon of 1881 in northern Vietnam which followed an unusual northward track into the shallow Gulf of Tonkin, so causing widespread inundation of the Red River delta (Dechevrens, ; Terry et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prehistorical frequency of high‐energy marine inundation events driven by typhoons in the Bay of Bangkok (Thailand), interpreted from coastal carbonate boulders

Terry

Dunne

Jankaew

2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Rapidly rising populations of low‐lying megacities in Asia mean that understanding the potential risk of coastal flooding by storm surge is of paramount concern. The city of Bangkok and the wider Chao Phraya River delta at the head of the Gulf of Thailand is a region topographically vulnerable to coastal flooding, but without the record of a high‐energy marine inundation (HEMI) event in historical time owing to the atypical path that a typhoon must take to be able to produce such an event. This work builds upon previous findings that identified coastal depositional evidence for HEMI events in the form of coastal carbonate boulders (CCBs) located on Ko Larn Island in the eastern Bay of Bangkok. The HEMI events were most likely driven by typhoons and the CCBs are therefore interpreted as typhoon deposits. Through uranium/thorium dating, it is revealed that from ad 1400 to ad 1600 the Bay of Bangkok possibly experienced a phase of relatively heightened storm impact. During this period, the frequency of typhoon‐driven HEMI events was approximately four events in 200 years. Waves generated onshore minimum flow velocities (MFVs) in excess of 5 m/s. Such exceptional MFVs are unlikely to be produced during the annual northeast monsoon, but are consistent with typhoon‐impacted coastlines elsewhere in the tropical Asia–Pacific region where similar CCB evidence exists. Since ad 1600, the Bay of Bangkok has enjoyed a relatively quiescent phase, recording less frequent HEMI events and of lower magnitude. However, the re‐occurrence of a typhoon‐driven HEMI event on the scale of the prehistorical events that emplaced carbonate boulders at elevation on Ko Larn Island would threaten low‐lying coasts in the Bay of Bangkok, including the Chao Phraya delta, with potentially damaging inundation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The ‘terrific Tongking typhoon’ of October 1881 – implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

A review of tropical cyclone‐generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts

Morphometric analysis of tropical storm and hurricane tracks in the North Atlantic basin using a sinuosity‐based approach

Prehistorical frequency of high‐energy marine inundation events driven by typhoons in the Bay of Bangkok (Thailand), interpreted from coastal carbonate boulders

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